The Back

Question 1

Back Functions

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Curvature of Spine

Question 2

Back component parts

Answer 2

1. Bones
   2. Muscles
   3. Vertebral canal
   4. Spinal nerves

Question 3

Cervical

Answer 3

convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly

Question 4

Thoracic

Answer 4

concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly

Question 5

Lumbar

Answer 5

convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly

Question 6

Sacral

Answer 6

concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly

Question 7

Coccygeal

Answer 7

concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly

Question 8

Vertebral Column

Answer 8

1. Cervical (neck)- 7
   2. Thoracic (upper back)- 12
   3. Lumbar (lower back)- 5
   4. Sacral (Sacrum) 5 fused
   5. Coccygeal (Coccyx) 3-4 fused

Question 9

Runs from C3 to T1
Found on the superior-posterior-lateral edge of the body –pedicle junction of vertebrae.
Prevents a vertebra from sliding backwards off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending).

Answer 9

Uncinate Process

Question 10

abnormal anterior thoracic curvature of the spine. Usually associated with Tuberculosis infection of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. can result in a Gibbus deformity.

Answer 10

Kyphosis (Hunchback)

Question 11

Abnormal posterior lumbar curvature of the spine

Answer 11

Lordosis (Swayback)

Question 12

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine with a twist or rotational component.

Answer 12

Scoliosis

Question 13

Spina bifida malformations fall into three categories:

Answer 13

1. Spina bifida occulta
2. Spina bifida cystica with meningocele
3. Spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele.
   The most common location of the malformations is the lumbar and sacral areas. Myelomeningocele is the most significant and severe form, and this leads to disability in most affected individuals. The terms spina bifida and myelomeningocele are usually used interchangeably.

Question 14

The outer part of some of the vertebrae are not completely closed. The splits in the vertebrae are so small that the spinal cord does not protrude. The skin at the site of the lesion may be normal, or it may have some hair growing from it; there may be a dimple in the skin, or a birthmark. This the most common form of Spina Bifida.

Answer 14

Spina Bifida Occulta

Question 15

It is the least common form of spina bifida. In this form, the vertebrae develop normally, but the meninges are forced into the gaps between the vertebrae.

Answer 15

Spina bifida cystica with meningocele

Question 16

The unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an opening. The meningeal membranes that cover the spinal cord form a sac enclosing the spinal elements.

Answer 16

Spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele

Question 17

a Osteoarthritis ‘wear and tear’ of the vertebrae and discs in the neck. It is a normal part of ageing and does not cause symptoms in many people. However, it is sometimes a cause of neck pain. Symptoms tend to come and go.

Answer 17

Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy

Question 18

can occur when the zygapophyseal joint develops arthritis resulting hypetrophy of the ligamentum Flava and reduction of the spinal canal.

Answer 18

Spinal Stenosis

Question 19

They connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, all the way from the second vertebra, axis, to the first segment of the sacrum.
Their marked elasticity serves to preserve the upright posture, and to assist the vertebral column in resuming it after flexion. The elastin prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal during extension, which would cause canal compression.

Answer 19

Ligamentum Flava

Question 20

is a synovial joint between the superior articular process, of one vertebra and the inferior (caudal) articular process of the vertebra directly above it.

Answer 20

Zygapophysial joint

Question 21

Joints of the Vertebral column

Answer 21

The spinal column includes approximately 220 individual ligaments.

These ligaments keep the vertebrae interconnected which is paramount to keeping the spine, as well as the nerves it’s protecting within the spinal cord, stable.

Over 100 joints allow for the spine’s extreme flexibility and range of movement.

Over 120 muscles are contained in the spine.

Over one fourth of the spine’s total length is created fromcartilage, the sponge-like substance that separates one vertebral disc from the next.

Question 22

extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra in the lower part of the neck.

Answer 22

Ligament Nuchae

Question 23

Back Pain Most commonly caused by:

Answer 23

Herniated Disc
Ruptured disc
Arthritis of the vertebrae

Question 24

connects the tips of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Above the seventh cervical vertebrae, the supraspinous ligament is continuous with the ligamentum nuchae

Answer 24

Supraspinous ligaments

Question 25

Spondylolysis most commonly occurs in the lower back at lumbar vertebra number five (L5). In athletes, this type of injury can be seen when the back is bent backwards repeatedly, in activities such as gymnastics, karate, and football. Specifically, this is common in offensive and defensive linemen.

Answer 25

Spondlolysis-Pars Fracture