Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > 12a Abdomen Deep and the Digestive System > Flashcards

12a Abdomen Deep and the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The anus has two sphincters

A
  1. Internal anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle (involuntary-parasympathetic control)
  2. External anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle (voluntary)
    These sphincters are closed except during defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Colon

A

Has distinct regions: ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
The transverse and sigmoid portions are anchored via mesenteries called mesocolons
95% of water is absorbed in the large intestines by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Large Intestines (Teniae coli)

A

three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in its muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Large Intestines (Haustra)

A

pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli
-Slow segmenting movements that move the contents of the colon and sequentially contract as they are stimulated by distension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Large Intestines (Epiploic appendages)

A

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parts of Colon

A

Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon-S Curve to the rectum
Rectum and anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cecum with appendix

A

Sac that receives waste from the small intestines and lies below the ileocecal valve
Contains a worm-like vermiform appendix (lymphatic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Presence of food in the stomach

A

Activates the gastrocolic reflex
Initiates peristalsis that forces contents toward the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Gallbladder

A

Thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver
Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
Releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Composition of Bile

A

A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

The chief bile pigment is bilirubin, a waste product of heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bile salts

A

cholesterol derivatives that:
Emulsify fat
Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
Help solubilize cholestero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

recycles bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The chief bile pigment is

A

bilirubin, a waste product of heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hepatocytes’ functions include

A
  1. Production of bile
  2. Processing bloodborne nutrients
  3. Storage of fat-soluble vitamins
  4. Detoxification
    Secreted bile flows between hepatocytes toward the bile ducts in the portal triads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Liver sinusoids

A

enlarged, leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Kupffer cells

A

hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Portal Triads

A

Hexagonal-shaped liver lobules are the structural and functional units of the liver
Composed of hepatocyte (liver cell) plates radiating outward from a central vein
Portal triads are found at each of the six corners of each liver lobule
Portal triads consist of a bile duct and
Hepatic artery – supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver
Hepatic portal vein – carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The ligamentum teres

A

Is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
Runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The falciform ligament

A

Separates the right and left lobes anteriorly
Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Exocrine function

A

Secretes pancreatic enzymes
1. Trypsin- polypetides>peptides
2. Lipase- fat>fatty acids
3. Amylase- Carbohydrates>glucose
4. Nucleases –Nucleic acid>nucleotides
5. Carboxypeptidase- polypeptides>peptides
Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endocrine function

A
  1. Insulin –(Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans) decreases blood sugar by removing it from blood into cells
    2. Glucagon- (Alpha cells)increases blood sugar by breaking down glycogen into glucose and fat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cystic Duct

A

connect the Gall bladder to the Common Hepatic Duct to form the Common Bile Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Main Pancreatic Duct

A

also known as the Duct of Wursung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Accessory Pancreatic Duct

A

Duct of Santorini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ampulla of Vater

A

Opening of the Main Pancreatic Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

Muscle that opens and closes the Ampulla of Vater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pancreas

A

Location
Lies deep to the greater curvature of the stomach
The head is encircled by the duodenum and the tail abuts the spleen
It produces the most digestive enzymes of any organs.(1200-15OO ml of digestive enzymes per day)
It is both a exocrine and endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Small Intestine: Histology of the Wall

A

Cells of intestinal crypts (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) secrete intestinal juice
Peyer’s patches are found in the submucosa
Brunner’s glands in the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus (neutralizes the acidic `chyme from the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Microvilli (brush border cells)

A

tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes and also secrete digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Villi

A

fingerlike extensions of the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Plicae circulares

A

deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa, force chyme to spiral through and increase the time of absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Small Intestine: Gross Anatomy

A

Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Has three subdivisions:
1. Duodenum- 10-12 inches
2. Jejunum- 8 feet long
3. Ileum- 11 feet long
The jejunum extends from the duodenum to the ileum
The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Stomach Ulcers

A

Caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori which burrs a hole through the mucosa and allows the HCl to further irritate the lining.
1. The bacteria secrete ammonia (base) that neutralizes the HCl
2. It then secretes a cytotoxin that damages the mucosal cells
3. It then produces proteins that separate the cells tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stomach Lining

A

The stomach is exposed to the harshest conditions in the digestive tract
To keep from digesting itself, the stomach has a mucosal barrier with:
a. A thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall
b. Epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions
c. Gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCl
Damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

secrete acid mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor(needed for Vitamin B12 (nucleic acid metabolism and RBC maturation) absorption in Sm. Intestines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Chief cells

A

produce pepsinogen
Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by:
HCl the stomach
Pepsin breaks down proteins to polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Enteroendocrine cells – secretes

A

Gastrin-stimulates gastric glands (especially HCl) to increase there secretion, stimulates gastric emptying
B. Histamine-activates parietal cells to release HCl
C. Serotonin-stimulates gastric muscle contractions
D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-allows pancreatic and bile enzymes to be released
E. Ghrelin-release when stomach is empty stimulating hunger and appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Muscularis

A

has an additional oblique layer that:
a. Allows the stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food physically
b. Breaks down food into smaller fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Epithelial lining

A

Goblet cells that produce a double layer coat of alkaline insoluble mucus with bicarbonate in between.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Gastric pits

A

contain gastric glands that secrete gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin

42
Q

Blood supply

A

celiac trunk (gastric artery), and corresponding veins (gastric veins) -part of the hepatic portal system

43
Q

Nerve supply

A

sympathetic (vagus nerve)and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system

44
Q

Greater omentum

A

drapes inferiorly from the greater curvature to the small intestine and holds the intestines in place

45
Q

Lesser omentum

A

runs from the liver to the lesser curvature

46
Q

Lesser curvature

A

concave medial surface

47
Q

Greater curvature

A

entire extent of the convex lateral surface

48
Q

Pyloric region

A

made up of the antrum and canal which terminates at the pylorus
The pylorus is continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter

49
Q

Body

A

midportion of the stomach

50
Q

Fundus

A

dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm

51
Q

Cardiac region

A

surrounds the cardiac orifice and cardic shincter

52
Q

Chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted to

A

chyme

53
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

occurs when the cardiac (gastroesophageal) Sphyncter does not close when food is in the stomach.
-causes Pregnancy, Obesity, weak sphyncter
-the superior stomach can move up into the thoracic cavity.

54
Q

Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

is a the result with acid irritating the esophagus.
If chronic then esophageal cancer can result.

55
Q

Esophageal Characteristics

A

Esophageal mucosa – nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The empty esophagus is folded longitudinally and flattened
Glands secrete mucus as a bolus moves through the esophagus
Muscularis changes from skeletal (superiorly) to smooth muscle (inferiorly)

56
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
Travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm
Joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice

57
Q

Xerostomia

A

dry mouth

58
Q

Sublingual gland

A

(mainly mucous)

59
Q

Submandibular gland

A

equal serous and mucous

60
Q

Parotid

A

only serous

61
Q

Intrinsic salivary glands (buccal glands)

A

scattered throughout the oral mucosa

62
Q

Three pairs of extrinsic glands

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

63
Q

Salivary gland Produces and secrete saliva

A
  1. Cleanses the mouth
  2. Moistens and dissolves food chemicals
  3. Aids in bolus formation
  4. Contains enzymes that break down starch
64
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

groove that separates the tongue into two areas:
Anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity
Posterior third residing in the oropharynx

65
Q

Superior surface bears three types of papillae

A
  1. Filiform – give the tongue roughness and provide friction
  2. Fungiform – scattered widely over the tongue and give it a reddish hue
  3. Circumvallate – V-shaped row in back of tongue
66
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and presents tongue from sliding posterior (if tight then the person becomes tongue tied (Ankloglossia)

67
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

alter the tongue’s position

68
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

change the shape of the tongue

69
Q

Tongue

A

Occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the oral cavity when mouth is closed
Functions include:
1. Gripping and repositioning food during chewing
2. Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
3. Initiation of swallowing, and speech

70
Q

Soft palate

A

mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
1. Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing
2. Uvula projects downward from its free edge and assist food in downward projection

71
Q

Hard palate

A

underlain by palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae
Assists the tongue in chewing by being a platform for food to be manipulated.
Slightly corrugated on either side of the raphe (midline ridge)

72
Q

Labial frenulum

A

median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum

73
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

area that lies within the teeth and gums

74
Q

Red Margin

A

apply lipstick and kisses

75
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

Major nerve supply that controls GI tract mobility

76
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa

77
Q

Serosa

A

the protective visceral peritoneum
Replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the esophagus

78
Q

Muscularis externa

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

79
Q

Submucosa

A

dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

80
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa

81
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Loose areolar and reticular connective tissue
Nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients
Contains lymph nodes (part of MALT) important in defense against bacteria

82
Q
  1. Mucosa: Epithelial Lining
A

Consists of simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells
A. The mucus secretions:
1. Protect digestive organs from digesting themselves
2. Ease food along the tract
a. Stomach and small intestine mucosa contain:
1. Enzyme-secreting cells
2. Hormone-secreting cells (making them endocrine and digestive organs)

83
Q

Mucosa

A

Lines the lumen of the alimentary canal
Its three major functions are:
a. Secretion of mucus
b. Absorption of the end products of digestion
c. Protection against infectious disease
Consists of three layers:
1. A lining epithelium
2. Lamina propria
3. Muscularis mucosae

84
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A
  1. Collects nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive viscera
  2. Delivers this blood to the liver for metabolic processing and storage
85
Q

Arteries and the organs they serve include

A

A. Celiac trunk- hepatic, splenic, and left gastric: spleen, liver, and stomach
B. Superior and Inferior mesenteric: small and large intestines

86
Q

Peritoneal organs (intraperitoneal)

A

organs surrounded by peritoneum(ex liver)

87
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

organs outside the peritoneum (ex kidneys)

88
Q

Mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum that provides:
a. Vascular and nerve supplies to the visceral organs
b. A means to hold digestive organs in place and store fat

89
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A
  1. Lubricates digestive organs
  2. Allows them to slide across one another
90
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

91
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

covers external surface of most digestive organs

92
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

lines the body wall

93
Q

Small Intestines

A

a. Peptidase- Peptides>amino acids
b. Sucrase- Sucrose>glucose
c. Maltase- Maltose>glucose
d. Lactase- Lactose>glucose

94
Q

Pancreas

A

a. Amylase- Cabohydrates>glucose
b. Trypsin- Polypeptides>peptides
c. Lipase- Fats>fatty acids

95
Q

Liver

A

a. Bile Salts
- breakdown of fats into fatty acids

96
Q

Stomach

A

a. Pepsin
-breaks Proteins into polypeptides
b. HCl (Ph 1-2)
-breaks pepsinogen into pepsin
-destroys pathogens

97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A

Gross Anatomy (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions