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Gross Anatomy > 19 A Nervous System > Flashcards

19 A Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

sensory and motor fibers carry impulses to and from CNS; most common type of nerve

A

Mixed

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2
Q

carry impulses from CNS

A

Motor (efferent)

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3
Q

carry impulse to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent)

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4
Q

tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

A

Epineurium

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5
Q

coarse connective tissue that bundles NERVE fibers into fascicles

A

Perineurium

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6
Q

loose connective tissue that surrounds axons (part of the nerve cell)

A

Endoneurium

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7
Q

cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

A

Nerve

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8
Q

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

A

Chemoreceptors

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10
Q

respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

A

Photoreceptors

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11
Q

sensitive to changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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12
Q

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord
Includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings
Provides links to and from the external environment

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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14
Q

control rate and depth of breathing

A

Respiratory centers

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15
Q

adjusts force and rate of heart contraction

A

Cardiovascular control center

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16
Q

Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)
Contains nuclei of the reticular formation
Maintains resting breathing

A

Pons

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17
Q

relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways

A

Red nucleus

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18
Q

secretes dopamine

A

Substantia nigra

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19
Q

auditory relay centers

A

Inferior colliculi

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20
Q

visual reflex centers

A

Superior colliculi

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21
Q

four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain

A

Corpora quadrigemina

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22
Q

Nuclei that control cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

A

Midbrain Nuclei

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23
Q

Consists of three regions –
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata
Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival (breathing and heart rate)
Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

A

Brain Stem

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24
Q

Endocrine gland called the _________________
Stores many hormones produced by the hypothalmus

A

Master Gland

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25
Q

Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Releasing hormones control secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin

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26
Q

Hypothalamic Function

A

Controls mechanisms needed to maintain normal body temperature

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27
Q

Acts like a secretary at an office. It takes in all sensory information, filters out things that are not needed and directs the impulse to where it should go.

A

Thalamus

28
Q

Thalamus
Contains four groups of nuclei

A

anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior

29
Q

a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

A

Choroid plexus

30
Q

a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood

A

Melatonin

31
Q

extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

32
Q

Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle

A

Epithalamus

33
Q

Central core of the forebrain
Consists of three paired structures
1. Epithalamus and Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pituitary Gland

A

Diencephalon

34
Q

enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers

A

Projection fibers

35
Q

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

36
Q

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

A

Commissures

37
Q

Plays a role in language and problem solving
Recognizes and predicts sequences of events
Figuring out Rubic cube happens here

A

Cerebellar Cognitive Function

38
Q

receives impulses of the intent to initiate

A

Cerebellum

39
Q

calculates the best way to perform a movement

A

Cerebellar cortex

40
Q

connect the cerebellum to the medulla

A

Inferior peduncles

41
Q

connect the cerebellum to the pons

A

Middle peduncles

42
Q

connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

A

Superior peduncles

43
Q

Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

44
Q

distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter (dendrites and axons)

A

Arbor vitae

45
Q

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass
Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction (driving, typing, playing guitar, throwing a ball ect.)
Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously
Two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis

A

The Cerebellum

46
Q

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central sulcus

47
Q

Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes

A

1.Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
5. Insula

48
Q

grooves between Gyri
-Pleural- Sulci

A

Sulcus

49
Q

look like macaroni
- Pleural-Gyri

A

Gyrus

50
Q

Form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass
Contain ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)
Contain deep grooves called fissures
Are separated by the longitudinal fissure
Have three basic regions:
1. Cortex-Outer surface containing mainly grey matter (bodies(soma)) nerve cell
2. (White matter (nerve cell processes)
3. Basal nuclei clusters of nerve cell bodies with specific functions (Relay stations)

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

51
Q

Composed of four parts
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon
a. Thalmus
b. Hypothalmus
c. Pituitary Gland
4. Brain Stem
a. Mid Brain
b. Pons
c. Medulla Oblongata
Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem

A

The Brain

52
Q

Due to blockage of drainage of CSF usually a result of a brain tumor or severe head trauma.
Can result in headaches and brain damage or death.
Treatment is to remove the blockage if possible or place a shunt into the ventricles running it into a neck vein.

A

Hydrocephalus

53
Q

Deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

A

Pia Mater

54
Q

The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering
It is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space
Beneath the arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and large blood vessels
Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood

A

Arachnoid Mater

55
Q

horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure that forms a tent over the cerebellum. It separates the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

Tentorium cerebelli

56
Q

sagittal fold that runs along the vermis of the cerebellum

A

Falx cerebelli

57
Q

sagittal fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemisphere. It attaches to the Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone

A

Falx cerebri

58
Q

Means “tough mother”
Leathery, strong meninx (singular for meninges) composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers.
a. Periosteal Layer-is connected to the periosteum of the cranial bones.
b. Meningeal layer- forms true external covering of the brain. Forms the dural sheath of the spinal cord.
In certain areas these two layers separate and form dural sinuses which collect venous blood from the brain and drains it into the the internal jugular veins

A

Dura Mater

59
Q

forms true external covering of the brain. Forms the dural sheath of the spinal cord.

A

Meningeal layer

60
Q

is connected to the periosteum of the cranial bones.

A

Periosteal Layer

61
Q

Functions of the meninges

A
  1. Cover and protect the CNS
  2. Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
  3. Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  4. Form partitions within the skull and keeps brain from bouncing around the skull.
62
Q

Three connective tissue membranes lie external to the CNS

A

A. Dura mater
B. Arachnoid mater
C. Pia mater

63
Q

Cranial Bones

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietals
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporals
  5. Sphenoid
  6. Ethmoid
64
Q

shields the brain from harmful substances.

A

Blood-brain barrier

65
Q

The brain is protected by

A
  1. Bone- Cranial bones
  2. Meninges:
    a. Dura Mater
    b. Arachnoid Mater
    c. Pia Mater
  3. Cerebral spinal Fluid (CSF)
  4. Blood-brain barrier

Gross Anatomy (15 decks)

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