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DPT 500 > the back > Flashcards

the back Flashcards

1
Q

primary curvatures:

A

thoracic & scaral
anteriorly concave
like embryo

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2
Q

secondary curvature:

A

cervical & lumbar
concave posteriorly

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3
Q

what is thoracic hyperkyphosis?

A

excessive bending over

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4
Q

what is lumbar hyperlordosis?

A

excessive pushing out

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5
Q

center of gravity is a _______ line allowing body’s weight to be ________________________ in a way that expends minimal ____________________

A

vertical
balanced on vertebral column
muscle energy for bipedalism

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6
Q

what does the cervical back region consists of?

A

bifid spinous process (C3-C7)
transverse foramen
uncinate process

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7
Q

what attaches to the bifid spinous process?

A

ligamentum nuchae

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8
Q

what travels through the transverse foramen?

A

vertebral arteries

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9
Q

what is the uncinate process?

A

crests on superolateral part of body

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10
Q

the uncinate process articulates with body of vertebra above leading to the . . .

A

uncovertebral synovial joint

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11
Q

what does the uncovertebral synovial joint facilitate?

A

flexion and extension and limit lateral flexion in the cervical spine

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12
Q

what do C1 & C2 do?

A

allow movement of head

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13
Q

C1 (atlas) does NOT have what?

A

a body

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14
Q

C1 fuses with C2 during development leading to what?

A

dens

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15
Q

there is no ________ between C1 & C2

A

intervertebral disc (IVD)

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16
Q

lateral mass articulates above with what?

A

occipital condyle of skull

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17
Q

what does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?

A

head nod up and down

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18
Q

posterior side of anterior arch articulates with what?

A

dens of C2 (facets for dens)

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19
Q

atlanto-axial joint allow?

A

rotation of head

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20
Q

dens are held in position by what?

A

strong transverse ligament of atlas

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21
Q

dens projects _____________ from body

A

superiorly

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22
Q

strong ____________________ connects dens to ______________________.

A

alar ligaments
occipital condyle

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23
Q

what do dens do?

A

check excessive rotation of head

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24
Q

what does the thoracic (T1-T12) contains on each side of body?

A

superior and inferior costal demifacets

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25
Q

superior demifacet articulates with . . .

A

own rib (e.g. T2 and rib 2)

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26
Q

inferior demifacet articulates with . . .

A

rib below (e.g. T2 and rib 3)

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27
Q

transverse process has facet for articulation with . . .

A

tubercle of its own rib (e.g. T2 and rib 2)

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28
Q

lumbar (L1-L5) has a . . .

A

large body

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29
Q

where is the mammillary process?

A

superior articular process (multifidi muscle attachments)

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30
Q

lumbar has _______ and _______ transverse process except for ___ & ___

A

thin
long
L4 & L5

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31
Q

why are L4 & L5 larger transverse processes?

A

for attachment of iliolumbar ligaments to pelvic bone

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32
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

5 fused vertbrae

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33
Q

the sacrum has large facets for articulation with . . . which leads to . . .

A

ilium of pelvic bone
sacroiliac joint

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34
Q

the sacrum has 4 pairs of _________________ & 4 pairs of ____________________.

A

anterior sacral foramina
posterior sacral foramina

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35
Q

what is the coccyx?

A

3-4 fused coccygeal vertabra

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36
Q

the coccygeal cornu articulates with . . .

A

sacrum

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37
Q

where is the intervertbral foramina?

A

each side between adjacent vertabrae

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38
Q

what passes in and out of vertebral canal?

A

spinal nerves and blood vessels

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39
Q

intervertebral foramina is formed by:

A

inferior vertebral notch of pedicle above
superior vertebral notch of pedicle below

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40
Q

what borders the intervertebral foramina?

A

zygapophyisal joint posterior
intervertebral disc anteriorly

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41
Q

what is radiculopathy?

A

mechanical compression of a nerve root usually as they exit the intervertebral foramen

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42
Q

what are zygapophysial (facet) joints?

A

joint between superior and inferior articular processes

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43
Q

zygapophysial joints are _________ joints that are surrounded by a capsule of . . .

A

synovial
outer fibrous layer
inner synovial layer

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44
Q

what do zygapophysial joints allow?

A

sliding

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45
Q

what does the zygapophysial joint look like in cervical and what does it facilitate?

A

sloped
facilitates flexion and extension

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46
Q

what does the zygapophysial joint look like in thoracic and what does it facilitate?

A

vertical
limits flexion and extension
facilitates rotation

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47
Q

what does the zygapophysial joint look like in lumbar and what does it facilitate?

A

curved & interlocked (wrapped)
limit range of motion

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48
Q

in the lumbar region the zygapophysial joint is innervated by . . .

A

medial branch of posterior ramus

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49
Q

laminae and spinous processes ___________ along most of vertebral column

A

overlap

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50
Q

lumbar region =

A

large gaps between arches

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51
Q

posterior spaces between arches allow ?

A

flexion to widen further
easy access to vertebral canal for clinical procedures

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52
Q

what are the ligaments in the back?

A

longitudinal ligaments
ligamenta flava
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligaments

53
Q

what are the 2 longitudinal ligaments?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament

54
Q

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament ? and what is it attached to?

A

base of skull to sacrum
attached to anterior part of bodies and intervertebral discs

55
Q

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament ? and what is it attached to?

A

lines anterior surface of vertebral canal
attached to posterior part of bodies and intervertebral discs

56
Q

upper part of the posterior longitudinal ligament connects ____ to ____________ and is called the . . .

A

C2 to base of skull
tectorial membrane

57
Q

ligamenta flava passes between . . .

A

laminae of adjacent vertebrae

58
Q

ligamenta flava is made up of . . .

A

elastic tissue

59
Q

where is ligamenta flava and what does it run between?

A

posterior surface of vertebral canal
runs between posterior surface of lamina below to anterior surface of lamina above

60
Q

what does ligamenta flava resist? and what does it assist?

A

separation of laminae during flexion
assists extension back to anatomical position

61
Q

what does the supraspinous ligament do?

A

connects tips of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

62
Q

ligamentum nuchae is the continuation of the . . . .

A

supraspinous ligament from C7 to skull

63
Q

what does the ligamentum nuchae support? what does it resist? what does it facilitate?

A

head
flexion
extension back to anatomical position

64
Q

ligamentum nuchae is site of muscle attachment for . . .

A

trapezius & splenius capitis

65
Q

what do interspinous ligaments pass between? and what do they blend with?

A

pass between adjacent spinous processes
blend with supraspinous posteriorly and ligamentum flavum anteriorly

66
Q

where is the spinal cord?

A

foramen magnum to disc between L1 and L2 in adults

67
Q

distal end of the spinal cord is called . . .

A

conus medullaris

68
Q

____________ continues inferiorly from conus medullaris

A

filum terminale

69
Q

what is filum terminale?

A

fine filament of connective tissue

70
Q

filum terminale is continuous with ___________ and surrounded by ____________

A

pia mater
dura mater & cauda equina

71
Q

filum terminale gives longitudinal support to . . .

A

spinal cord

72
Q

what is the filum terminale attached to?

A

coccyx

73
Q

segmental arteries arises from where?

A

vertebral and deep cervical arteries in neck, posterior intercostal arteries in thorax, lumbar arteries in abdomen

74
Q

what are the 2 spinal cord arteries?

A

segmental arteries
longitudinal arteries

75
Q

where do segmental arteries enter through?

A

intervertebral foramina

76
Q

segmental arteries give rise to . . .

A

anterior and posterior radicular arteries

77
Q

segmental arteries supply . . .

A

anterior and posterior roots

78
Q

segmental arteries also give off . . .

A

segmental medullary arteries

79
Q

what is the largest segmental artery?

A

arteria radicularis magna

80
Q

what are the 2 longitudinal arteries by the spinal cord?

A

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

81
Q

where does the anterior spinal artery originate from?

A

vertebral artery in cranial cavity

82
Q

where does the posterior spinal artery originate from?

A

vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery in cranial cavity

83
Q

what do spinal cord veins form?

A

longitudinal channels

84
Q

anterior spinal vein parallels what?

A

anterior median fissure

85
Q

posterior spinal veins parallels what?

A

posterior median sulcus

86
Q

spinal cord veins all drain into . . .

A

internal vertebral plexus that drain into major systemic veins

87
Q

spinal cord meninges:

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
denticulate ligaments

88
Q

what is dura mater?

A

outermost, separated from vertebrae by extra dural space

89
Q

dura mater is continuous with . . .

A

brain dura

90
Q

dura mater narrows at _____ and forms an _____________ for the pial part of the ________________.

A

S2
investing sheath
filum terminale

91
Q

what does the dura mater attach to?

A

posterior surface of the bodies of the coccyx

92
Q

when spinal nerves are surrounded by sleaves of dura it leads them to . . .

A

merge with and become epineurium (outer covering of nerves)

93
Q

what is arachnoid mater?

A

thin membrane that rests against but does not adhere to deep surface of dura

94
Q

where does the arachnoid mater end?

A

S2 (more inferior than spinal cord)

95
Q

arachnoid mater is separated from pia by what ?

A

subarachnoid space

96
Q

subarachnoid space surrounds the . . .

A

cauda equina

97
Q

what are denticulate ligaments?

A

lateral projections of pia mater

98
Q

what do denticulate ligaments form and what do they do?

A

form triangular-shaped ligaments that anchor the spinal cord along its length to the dura mater on each side

99
Q

extrinsic back muscles are innervated by . . .

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves (brachial plexus)

100
Q

superficial group moves what?

A

upper limb

101
Q

intermediate group moves what?

A

ribs (respiration)

102
Q

intrinsic (true) back muscles are innervated by . . .

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

103
Q

intrinsic back muscles move what?

A

vertebral column and head

104
Q

superficial back muscles:

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor

105
Q

trapezius:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T12

insertion: lateral one third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

innervation: motor – accessory nerve, proprioception – C3 & C4

function: upper fibers elevate, middle fibers abduct, and lower fibers depress scapula

106
Q

latissimus dorsi:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: spinous process of T7 to L5 and scarum, iliac crest, ribs 10 to 12 via thoracolumbar fascia

insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8)

function: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

107
Q

levator scapulae:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: transverse processes of C1 to C4

insertion: upper portion medial border of scapula

innervation: C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4,C5)

function: elevates scapula

108
Q

rhomboid major:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: spinous processes of T2 to T5

insertion: medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle

innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C4,C5)

function: retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

109
Q

rhomboid minor:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: lower portion of ligamentum nuchae

insertion: medial border of scapula to spine of scapula

innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

function: retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

110
Q

superficial back muscle are immediately deep to

A

superficial fascia

111
Q

superficial back muscles attach to . . .

A

upper appendicular skeleton

112
Q

what are the intermediate (respiratory) back muscles ?

A

2 thin muscular serrated sheets in superior and inferior back

113
Q

the intermediate back muscles pass what?

A

obliquely from vertebral column to attach to ribs

114
Q

intermediate (respiratory) back muscles:

A

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

115
Q

serratus posterior superior:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T3, and supraspinous ligaments

insertion: upper border of ribs 2 to 5 just lateral to their angles

innervation: anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5)

function: elevates ribs 2 to 5

116
Q

serratus posterior inferior:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: spinous processes of T11 to L3 and supraspinous ligaments

insertion: lower border of ribs 9 to 12 just lateral to their angles

innervation: anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12)

function: depress ribs 9 to 12 and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts

117
Q

how many layers is thoracolumbar fascia?

A

3 layers

118
Q

thoracolumbar fascia is continuous with what?

A

nuchal fascia

119
Q

thoracolumbar is a critical part of what?

A

myofascial girdle that surrounds torso

120
Q

what does the thoracolumbar fascia cover?

A

deep muscles of back and trunk

121
Q

where does the thoracolumbar fascia attach?

A

medial attachments of latissimus dorsi and serratus posterior inferior blend into thoracolumbar fascia

122
Q

spinotransversales back muscles run from ____________________ to ______________________

A

spinous processes
ligamentum nuchae

123
Q

spinotransversales back muscles
— bilateral contraction = ?

A

extend neck

124
Q

spinotransversales back muscles
— unilateral contraction = ?

A

rotate head to ipsilateral side

125
Q

spinotransversales back muscles insert onto . . .?

A

transverse processes of C1-3 and mastoid process of occipital bone

126
Q

what are the spinotransversales back muscle?

A

splenius capitis
splenius cervicis

127
Q

splenius capitis:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T4

insertion: mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line

innervation: posterior rami

function: together– draw head backward, extending neck; individually – draw and rotate head to one side

128
Q

splenius cervicis:
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- function

A

origin: spinous processes of T3 to T6

insertion: transverse processes of C1 to C3

innervation: posterior rami

function: together – extend neck; individually – draw and rotate head to one side

DPT 500 (11 decks)

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