Quiz 1 - Brain Flashcards
Three plane for the brain
Sagittal
Horizontal
Coronal
Sagittal
Separate right and left
Horizontal
Separates superior and inferior
Coronal
Separates posterior and anterior
Many fiber tracts carrying motor and sensory information travel through the
Brain stem
Brain stem contains important groups of neurons that control:
Equilibrium, cardiovascular activity, respiration, and other functions
Brain stem is broken down into:
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Reticular formation
Interconnected nuclei located throughout the brain stem
Includes:
1. Ascending reticular activating system
2. Reticulospinal tracts
Ascending reticular activating system:
Ascends to the cortex and regulates wakefulness and consciousness
Reticulospinal tracts
Descending pathways to the spinal cord
Medulla
Houses cranial nerve nuclei, regulates homeostasis via several autonomic nuclei and connects brain to spinal cord
Medulla contains
- Pyramid
- Olive
Pyramid
Paired white matter structures of the brainstem’s medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts — known together as the pyramidal tracts
Olive
Oval structures that contain the olivary nuclei, which is involved in cerebellar motor-learning and function (coordinates movement)
Pons
Houses cranial nerve nuclei, connects forebrain to cerebellum, and regulates respiration via pontine respiratory center
Midbrain contains
- Cerebral peduncle
- Superior colliculus
- Inferior colliculus
- Substantia Nigra
- Red nucleus
Cerebral peduncle and what is contains:
Two stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brain stem.
Contain the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons
Superior colliculus
Controls eye and head movements in response to visual stimuli
Inferior colliculus
Sound location, orientating the body towards relevant stimuli, and discriminating pitch and rhythm
Substantia nigra
Dopaminergic nucleus that modulates motor movement and reward functions as part of the basal ganglia circuitry.
Substantia nigra is part of :
extrapyramidal motor system
Extrapyramidal motor system
System that controls involuntary movements and whose fibers do not travel through the pyramids of the medulla, and do not directly innervate motor neurons in the spinal cord
Red nucleus
Involved in motor coordination. Colored red blue due to presence of iron. Along with Substantia nigra, is a sub cortical center of the extrapyramidal motor system
cerebellum consists of . . .
2 large cerebellar hemispheres and a midline vermia
cerebellum connects to the posterior brainstem by large bundles of fibers called . . .
peduncles
what is the cerebellum function?
coordinate movements
diencephalon consists of 4 structures:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- subthalamus
thalamus:
relays sensory information to cerebral cortex; regulate arousal and awareness
hypothalamus:
maintains homeostasis; regulates hormone secretion, body temperature, hunger and thirst, sleep cycle, and physiological responses to emotions
pineal gland:
regulates circadian rhythm by producing melatonin
subthalamic nucleus:
functions with basal ganglia to control movement
basal ganglia:
involved in social and goal-oriented behavior, movement, and emotions
components of the basal ganglia:
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
components of the limbic system:
amygdala
hippocampus
fornix
mammillary body
cingulate gyrus
claustrum
