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DPT 500 > Quiz 3 - histology > Flashcards

Quiz 3 - histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is histology?

A

Microscopic study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

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2
Q

Tissues contain:

A

cells
extracellular matrix (ECM)

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3
Q

what are integrins?

A

Principal receptors used by cells to bind to the extracellular matrix

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4
Q

histological processing: paraffin sectioning

A

fixation
dehydration
clearing
infiltration
embedding
trimming
sectioning
mounting
staining

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5
Q

fixation

A

Smallpiecesoftissueareplacedinsolutionsofchemicals thatcrosslinkproteinsandinactivatedegradativeenzymes,whichpreserve cellandtissuestructure. E.g. paraformaldehyde

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6
Q

dehydration

A

Thetissueistransferredthroughaseriesofincreasinglyconcentratedalcoholsolutions,endingin100%,whichremoveswater

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7
Q

clearing

A

Alcoholisremovedinorganicsolventsinwhichbothalcoholandparaffinaremiscible. E.g. Xylene or cedarwood oil

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8
Q

infiltration

A

Thetissueisthenplacedinmeltedparaffinuntilitbecomescompletelyinfiltratedwiththissubstance.

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9
Q

embedding

A

Theparaffin-infiltratedtissueisplacedinasmallmoldwithmeltedparaffinandallowedtoharden.

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10
Q

trimming

A

Theresultingparaffinblockistrimmedtoexposethetissueforsectioning(slicing)onamicrotome.

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11
Q

sectioning

A

block of paraffin sliced into thin, transparent sections (1 – 50 um) with a microtome

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12
Q

mounting

A

sections attached to glass slide with mounting medium e.g. permount

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13
Q

staining

A

sections placed in dyes to visualize components

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14
Q

freezing creates a hard tissue that can be what?

A

cut easily without parafin

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15
Q

for biopsies & histochemical studies using enzymes freezing does what?

A

faster
freezing does NOT inactivate enzymes
studies of lipids in tissue

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16
Q

small piece of tissue is frozen in _________ then sectioned in a _________________

A

liquid nitrogen
cryostat microtome

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17
Q

basic dyes bind to what ?

A

bind to basophilic cell components with a negative charge e.g. nucleic acids (DNA in nucleus)

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18
Q

acidic dyes bind to what?

A

bind to acidophilic cell components with a positive charge e.g. proteins such as collagen in ECM

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19
Q

what is the most common staining combination?

A

hematoxylin & eosin

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20
Q

hematoxylin

A

basic dye
blue/purple
nuclei

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21
Q

eosin

A

acidic dye
pink
ECM

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22
Q

Histological processing may distort tissue causing abnormalities not present in living tissue called what?

A

artifacts

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23
Q

what causes shrinkage of tissue? which can create what?

A

fixative or heat

artificial space between cells of ECM

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24
Q

2-D appearance varies depending on . . .

A

plane of section

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25
Q

4 general types of tissues in the body

A
  1. connective
  2. epithelial
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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26
Q

which tissue is most abundant & widely distributed of the primary tissues?

A

connective tissue

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27
Q

5 main types of connective tissue

A

fibrous connective tissues
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

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28
Q

what is fibrous connective tissue specialized to do?

A

physically support & connect other tissues & maintain the water required for metabolite diffusion to & from cells

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29
Q

what does fibrous connective tissue primarily consist of?

A

extracellular material

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30
Q

cells of fibrous connective tissue

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
plasma cells
adipocytes

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31
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

the major cells of connective tissue proper, are elongated, irregularly shaped cells with oval nuclei that synthesize and secrete most components of the ECM

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32
Q

what are macrophages?

A

short lived cells that differentiate in connective tissue from precursor cells,

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33
Q

what do macrophages function in?

A

ECM turnover, phagocytosis of dead cells and debris, and antigen presentation to lymphocytes.

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34
Q

where do mast cells originate?

A

from blood cell precursors

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35
Q

what are mast cells filled with . . .for the release of . . .?

A

granules for the release of various vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

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36
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

short-lived cells that differentiate from B lymphocytes

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37
Q

what are plasma cells specialized for?

A

the abundant secretion of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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38
Q

what are adipocytes? and where are they found?

A

fat cells

in the connective tissue of many organs

39
Q

what are fibers?

A

elongated structures formed from proteins that polymerize after secretion from fibroblasts

40
Q

The three main types of fibers:

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

41
Q

Collagen and reticular fibers are formed by

A

proteins of the collagen family

42
Q

Elastic fibers made mostly of what?

A

the protein elastin

43
Q

These fibers are distributed _____________ among the different types of connective tissue

A

unequally

44
Q

what is The most important and abundant fibers of connective tissue?

A

collagen

45
Q

Synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts involves what?

A

posttranslational modifications in the RER, and formation of helical trimeric subunits of procollagen

46
Q

what is required for proper synthesis?

A

vitamin C

47
Q

what is the Most numerous type of collagen?

A

collagen type I

48
Q

where is collagenI found?

A

tendons, bones, skin, muscles

49
Q

Adjacent rodlike subunits of the fibrils are staggered with small gaps (lacunar regions) between their ends

A

transverse striations

50
Q

what does collagen type II occur as?

A

occurs as fibrils but does not form fibers or bundles

51
Q

what is collagen type II?

A

Loose aggregates of thin fibrils

52
Q

collagen type II is predominate in ________ and _______________.

A

hyaline
elastic cartilage

53
Q

collagen type II is Especially abundant in what?

A

articular cartilage

54
Q

collagen type III form a meshwork in . . .

A

lymphoid organs: liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes

55
Q

what does collagen type III form?

A

an extensive network (reticulum) of thin fibers for the support of many different cells

56
Q

where is collagen type VII found?

A

basal lamina of basement membrane

57
Q

what are collagen type VII called?

A

anchoring fibers

58
Q

what is elastic fiber made with ?

A

fibrillin and elastin

59
Q

what do elastic fibers form?

A

sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs

60
Q

where are elastic fibers found?

A

fibrous connective tissue as well as cartilage, blood vessels, and lungs

61
Q

In the wall of large blood vessels, elastin forms fenestrated sheets called . . .

A

elastic lamellae

62
Q

what is ground substance?

A

fills the space between cells and fibers

63
Q

ground substance is a Complex mixture of three major kinds of macromolecules:

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
proteoglycans
glycoproteins

64
Q

characteristics of ground substance:

A

highly hydrated
transparent
very viscous

65
Q

GAGs are what?

A

Large polysaccharide structures that trap water (hydrophilic)

long polymers of repeating disaccharide units

66
Q

what is The largest and most ubiquitous GAG ?

A

hyaluronic acid

67
Q

what is hyaluronic acid’s important role?

A

allowing molecular diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints

68
Q

sulfated GAGs Bound to core proteins forming repeating chains along the length of the core protein forming what?

A

proteoglycans

69
Q

where are sulfated GAGs synthesized?

A

golgi complex

70
Q

4 major GAGs found in proteoglycans:

A

dermatan sulfate
chondroitin sulfates
keratan sulfate heparan sulfate

71
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

core protein covalently attached to various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs

72
Q

proteoglycans synthesize on ______ and mature in _________________

A

RER
golgi apparatus

73
Q

what are aggrecan?

A

Large core protein bound to chondroitin and keratin sulfate chains

74
Q

where is aggrecan abundant in?

A

cartilage

75
Q

what is fascia

A

facilitates gliding of muscles

76
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

multiadhesive glycoproteins found in ground substance of fibrous connective tissue

77
Q

glycoproteins are synthesized largely by what?

A

fibroblasts

78
Q

glycoproteins are binding sites for ?

A

integrins, collagens and certain GAGs

79
Q

what are integrins?

A

integral membrane proteins

80
Q

integrins act as what?

A

matrix receptors for specific sequences on laminin, fibronectin, some collagens, and other ECM proteins

81
Q

main types of fibrous connective tissue:

A

loose
dense

82
Q

loose =

A

more ground substance, less fibers

83
Q

dense =

A

more fibrous proteins, less ground

84
Q

loos is made up of what?

A

areolar
reticular

85
Q

dense is made up of what?

A

regular
irregular

86
Q

Areolar connective tissue - microscopic appearance:

A

Fibroblasts, collagen/elastic fibers, blood vessels, and “empty” space = ground substance

87
Q

areolar connective tissue - functions:

A

Binds epithelia to deeper tissues, allows passage of nerve and blood vessels, provides space for immune cells

88
Q

areolar connective tissue - representative locations:

A

Underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes surrounding organs

89
Q

reticular connective tissue - microscopic appearance:

A

Loose network of reticular fibers (type III collagen) and cells

90
Q

reticular connective tissue - functions:

A

Forms supportive framework for lymphatic organs and slows down movement of fluid

91
Q

reticular connective tissue - representative locations:

A

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes

92
Q

dense regular connective tissue - microscopic appearance:

A

Densely packed, parallel type I collagen fibers arranged in line of pull

Few blood vessels = hard to heal

Compressed fibroblast nuclei

93
Q

dense regular connective tissue - functions:

A

provides tensile strength (resists stretching), but is pliant (bends)

resists tension exerted in the axis parallel to the direction the fibers run

Transfer forces to bone

94
Q

dense regular connective tissue - representative locations:

A

Tendons, ligaments, fascia; heart valves

DPT 500 (11 decks)

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