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Human Gross Anatomy > The Axilla & Breast (Exam IV) > Flashcards

The Axilla & Breast (Exam IV) Flashcards

1
Q

Deep compartment of armpit

A

Axilla

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2
Q

Region where the upper arm connects to the torso

A

Axilla

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3
Q

What major bones connect in the axilla

A

Humerus connects to the scapula & clavicle

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4
Q

What borders does the axilla contain

A

Anterior, posterior, medial, lateral

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5
Q

Two major significances of the locations of the axilla

A

1- major vessels of the heart pass through here
2- nerves of cervical & brachial plexus go into thoracic region & upper limb

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6
Q

Importance of a swollen axillary lymph node

A

May be indication of something pathological going on elsewhere

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7
Q

Axillary fossa is inferior to the

A

Glenohumeral joint

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8
Q

Location in which the humerus attaches to the scapula

A

Glenohumeral joint

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9
Q

Another name for the shoulder joint

A

Glenohumeral joint

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10
Q

Axilla is a important passageway for

A

Neuromuscular structures of the upper limb

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11
Q

The axilla is a space invested in

A

Layers of fascia

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12
Q

Some of the fascial layers of the scapula are continuous with

A

The thorax and upper limb

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13
Q

What makes up the pectoral/shoulder girdle

A

Clavicle & scapula

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14
Q

Describe superficial fascia

A

Loose areolar connective tissue, subcutaneous, fatty

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15
Q

Functions of the deep fascia

A

1- encases muscles
2- compartmentalization
3- attaches muscle to bone

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16
Q

The contributions that contribute to the axillary compartmentalization come from:

A

Pectoral fascia & clavipectoral fascia

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17
Q

The pectoralis major is wrapped in _____, while the pectoralis minor is wrapped in ______

A

Pectoral fascia
Clavipectoral fascia

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18
Q

Muscle over lower mandible, neck & upper thoracic/shoulder region

A

Platysma

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19
Q

Describe the platysma muscle (3)

A

Skeletal muscle
Very superficial
Mostly subcutaneous

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20
Q

The subclavicular nerves are _____ branches from _____ spinal nerves _____ & _____

A

Cutaneous
Cervical
C3 & C4

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21
Q

The supercalvicular nerves provide cutaneous innervation over

A

The skin of the neck & upper pectoral region

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22
Q

Nerve branches responsible for pain to the left limb during a heart attack (be specific)

A

Anterior & lateral branches of T2 intercostal nerve

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23
Q

What forms the suspensory ligament of the axilla

A

Where the clavipectoral and pectoral fascia connect

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24
Q

Two roles of pectoral fascia

A

1- attaches clavicle & sternum
2- invests pectoralis major muscle

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25
Q

The pectoralis fascia is continuous with

A

Scarpas fascia of anterior abdominal wall

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26
Q

Pectoral fascia will eventually become

A

Axillary fascia

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27
Q

Forms the floor of the axilla

A

Axillary fascia

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28
Q

Clavipectoral fascia is deep to the

A

Pectoralis major muscle

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29
Q

Functions of the clavipectoral fascia

A

1- surrounds subclavius muscle
2- surrounds pectoralis minor muscle
3- attaches to clavicle

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30
Q

Deep fascial membranous structure that transmits nerves and vessels from deep in shoulder to subcutaneous in chest

A

Costocorocoid membrane

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31
Q

Connects subcalvius to pectoralis minor

A

Costocorocoid membrane

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32
Q

What does the deltoid fascia attach to

A

Clavicle, acromium & spine of scapula

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33
Q

What is the deltoid fascia continuous with

A

Pectoralis fascia

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34
Q

What does the deltoid fascia compartmentalize

A

Scapular muscles

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35
Q

Allows passage of neuromuscular structures between the axilla and pectoral region

A

Clavipectoral triangle

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36
Q

Borders of the clavipectoral triangle

A

Deltoid, pectoralis major, middle 1/3 of clavicle

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37
Q

The clavipectoral triangle contains (3):

A

Cephalic veins
Deltopectoral lymph nodes
Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery

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38
Q

Makes up the floor of the clavipectoral triangle

A

Corocoid membrane

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39
Q

Importance of the suspensory ligament of the axilla

A

Its keeping all of the tissue tucked up into the axilla & not hanging down

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40
Q

The skin covering the base of the axilla is continuous with

A

Axillary fascia

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41
Q

Border of the anterior wall of axilla

A

Anterior axillary fold

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42
Q

Border of the posterior wall of the axilla

A

Posterior axillary fold

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43
Q

What muscle is the anterior axillary fold made up of

A

Mostly pectoralis major

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44
Q

What makes up the posterior axillary fold

A

Latissimus dorsi & lateral border of there scapula

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45
Q

Top opening of the axilla coming from the neck

A

Apex

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46
Q

Anterior, posterior & medial borders of the apex

A

Anterior- clavicle
Posterior- scapula
Medial- first rib

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47
Q

Passageway for neurovascular structures traveling from the neck to the upper limb

A

Cervoaxillary canal

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48
Q

Important passageway contained within the axilla

A

Cervicoaxillary canal

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49
Q

The cervicoaxillary canal provides a passageway for

A

Axillary vessels & brachial plexus components

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50
Q

The base of the axilla is invested in

A

Superficial axillary fascia

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51
Q

What components comprise the base of the axilla (5)

A

1- Skin
2- Superficial fascia
3- Anterior axillary fold
4- Posterior axillary fold
5- Chest wall

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52
Q

List four structures that can be associated with the anterior wall of the axillary pyramid

A

Clavicle, Subclavius muscle, Pectoralis major muscle, Pectoralis minor muscle

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53
Q

List four structures that can be associated with the posterior wall of the axillary pyramid

A

Scapula, Subscapularis muscle, Latissimus dorsi muscle, Teres major muscle

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54
Q

Groove that houses the tendon of long head of biceps brachii

A

Intertubicular sulcus

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55
Q

Two structures associated with the lateral border of the axillary pyramid

A

Intertubicular sulcus with long tendon of biceps brachii inside & coracobrachialis tendon

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56
Q

The axillary sheath contains (3)

A

Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Brachial plexus

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57
Q

Vascular contents of the axillary sheath

A

Axillary artery & vein

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58
Q

Neurological contents of the axillary sheath

A

Cords of the brachial plexus

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59
Q

Lymphatic contents of the axillary sheath

A

Axillary lymph nodes

60
Q

Where does the axillary sheath begin

A

Cervicoaxillary canal

61
Q

The axillary sheath is an extension of the _____ layer of _____ into the cervicoaxillary canal

A

Prevertebral layer
Deep cervical fascia

62
Q

Arteries come from ____ & go ______

A

Heart
Rest of body

63
Q

Vasculature contained within the axilla

A

Axillary artery & vein

64
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of the

A

Subclavian artery

65
Q

Tributaries of the axillary artery provide blood to (3)

A

1- shoulder
2- thorax
3- axillary region

66
Q

The axillary artery & vein continues into the arm as the

A

Brachial artery

67
Q

The axillary vein is formed by the coming together of

A

The brachial veins & basilica vein

68
Q

The axillary vein will eventually be joined by the ____ vein as it becomes the ____ vein

A

Cephalic vein
Subclavian vein

69
Q

Superficial contribution to the axillary vein

A

Basilic vein

70
Q

The axillary vein goes back towards the

A

Superior vena cava

71
Q

Superficial vein of the upper limb that dumps right into the axillary vein

A

Basilic vein

72
Q

Network of spinal cord nerves that emerge from the neck & travel into the axilla

A

Brachial plexus

73
Q

What spinal nerves does the brachial plexus involve

A

C5-T1

74
Q

Component of the brachial plexus that runs with the axillary artery & vein in the axillary sheath

A

Cords of the brachial plexus

75
Q

The brachial plexus provides innervation to (4)

A

1- shoulder
2- pectoral region
3- scapular region
4- upper limb

76
Q

What type of rami are involved in spinal nerves of the brachial plexus

A

Ventral rami

77
Q

Most axillary lymph nodes are found ____ but some can potentially be located _____

A

Around the axillary region
Within the axillary sheath

78
Q

List the five groups of axillary lymph nodes

A

1- pectoral lymph nodes
2- sub scapular lymph nodes
3- humeral lymph nodes
4- cervical lymph nodes
5- apical lymph nodes

79
Q

Pectoral lymph nodes are considered anterior & are located in (2)

A

Medial wall of axilla
Cluster around thoracic vein

80
Q

Subscapular lymph nodes are considered posterior & are located (2)

A

Posterior axillary fold
Cluster around subscapular vessels

81
Q

Humerus lymph nodes are considered lateral & are located (2)

A

Lateral wall of axilla
Near axillary vein

82
Q

Central lymph nodes are located (2)

A

Base of axilla
Near axillary vein

83
Q

Apical lymph nodes are found (2)

A

Apex @ cervoaxillary canal
Near axillary vein

84
Q

What axillary lymphatics may be found near the axillary vein

A

Humeral, central, apical

85
Q

Describe human breasts

A

B/L glandular structures

86
Q

What makes female breasts unique in comparison to males

A

Female breasts are more well-developed & capable for producing nourishment for young

87
Q

Mammary glands are modified

A

Sweat glands

88
Q

The breast itself sits onto of

A

Pectoralis fascia

89
Q

Covers the breasts

A

Skin & superficial fascia of the pectoral region

90
Q

Type of tissue found in large quantities around the regions of the breast

A

Adipose tissue

91
Q

Within the breast tissue there is

A

Glandular tissue

92
Q

The glandular tissue of the breast is where _______ are located

A

Lactiferous glands

93
Q

Lactiferous glands function in the production of

A

Milk

94
Q

Within the glands of the breasts, there are _____ which converge on the ____

A

Ducts
Nipples

95
Q

Location in which milk can be expressed

A

Nipples

96
Q

If an individual presents to the clinic with breast tissue that does not move freely along the chest wall- why might this be of concern

A

This can be indicative of some sort of infiltrate in the retromammary space, causing adherence of breast tissue to the chest & is often caused by a pathological abnormality

97
Q

Breasts are cutaneous structures that rest on the

A

Pectoral fascia

98
Q

Potential space between breast & pectoral fascia that allow breast to move freely over the chest wall

A

Retromammary space

99
Q

How do the breasts receive their blood supply

A

From tributaries of subclavian & axillary arteries & veins

100
Q

Where do breasts receive their innervation from

A

Intercostal nerves 4-6 & some supraclavicular nerves

101
Q

What type of innervation of the lactiferous lobules/mammary glandes receive

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

102
Q

Where do mammary gland lobules converge

A

On nipple

103
Q

Describe the position of the mammary glands/lactiferous lobules

A

Lateral & superior

104
Q

What do suspensory ligaments do

A

Tack breast to dermis & give breast its shape

105
Q

Lactiferous ducts drain into

A

Lactiferous sinuses

106
Q

Lactiferous sinuses are located in the

A

Nipple

107
Q

Dark pigmented region surrounding the nipple

A

Areola

108
Q

Lactiferous sinuses allow

A

Milk to pool before expression

109
Q

Where do the breasts main source of innervation come from

A

Anterior & lateral branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves

110
Q

Aside from the anterior & lateral branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves, where else might breast tissue receive its innervation from

A

Supraclavicular nerve branches

111
Q

Laterally the intercostal nerves will give off branches _____

A

Cutaneously

112
Q

Anteriorly the intercostal nerves will give off branches that go to the

A

Sternal region

113
Q

Lateral & anterior intercostal nerves give rise to (2)

A

1- Medial mammary branches
2- Lateral mammary branches

114
Q

What type of innervation is received by the blood vessels & smooth muscle of the breasts

A

Autonomic

115
Q

Primary blood supply to breasts

A

Axillary artery & subclavian artery

116
Q

Medial mammary branches come from the _____ which comes from the _____

A

Internal thoracic artery
Subclavian artery

117
Q

Lateral mammary branches come from the _____ which comes from the _____

A

Lateral thoracic artery
Axillary artery

118
Q

Venous drainage of the breasts is mainly to the _____ via the _______ & _______ veins, via the ______ vein

A

Axillary vein
Lateral thoracic & medial mammary veins
Internal thoracic vein

119
Q

Some of the anterior intercostal veins drain into the _____

A

Internal thoracic vein & subclavian vein

120
Q

Part of the breast tissue that tucks up into the axillary region

A

Axillary tail of the breast tissue

121
Q

Predominant form of lymph drainage in breast

A

Axillary lymph nodes

122
Q

How much of the lymph drainage of breast is accomplished via the axillary lymph nodes

A

75%

123
Q

Which of the five categories of axillary lymph nodes are responsible for the lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

Pectoral, central, apical

124
Q

What are some sources of lymphatic drainage of the breast other than the axillary lymph nodes

A

Subareolar lymph nodes
Parasternal lymph nodes
Abdominal lymph nodes

125
Q

The subareolar lymph nodes are responsible for lymphatic drainage of the

A

Nipple, areola, lactiferous lobules

126
Q

Line of development where breast tissue may form - characteristic of mammals

A

Mammary ridge

127
Q

Accessory nipple

A

Polythelia

128
Q

Accessory nipple + glandular tissue

A

Polymastia

129
Q

Accessory nipples (if present) occur along the

A

Embryonic mammary crest

130
Q

Some of the most dangerous carcinomas of the breast typically involve

A

The ductile system

131
Q

Why is lymphatic drainage of importance when considering carcinomas of the breast

A

Root of metastasis

132
Q

When there is a suspected carcinoma of the breast, what is often biopsied

A

Axillary lymph nodes

133
Q

Skin dimpling, edema of skin of the breasts, nipple retraction & deviation, & abnormal contours of the breast are all considered

A

Refraction sign

134
Q

Edema of the skin of the breast is a refraction sign often caused by

A

Blockage of lymphatics in the areolar region

135
Q

Excess subcutaneous fluid due to blocking flow of lymph that is often due to some sort of breast cancer

A

lymphedema

136
Q

Invasion of ____ &____ will cause the breast to elevate when the pectoral muscles contract & this is a sign of _____

A

Retromammary space & pectoral fascia
Advanced cancer

137
Q

Common sites of breast cancer metastasis

A

Lung, bone, liver, pleura, brain & cranium

138
Q

Metastatic cancer cells from breast tissue commonly spread via ____ & ____ lymph nodes

A

Parasternal & Axillary

139
Q

The internal thoracic vein drains into _____ veins which eventually drain into _____ in the posterior thorax

A

Intercostal veins
Azygous venous system

140
Q

Venous drainage routes in which cancer of the breast metastasize to the thorax and skeletal structures

A

Internal thoracic vein —> Intercostal veins —> Azygous vein

141
Q

Involvement of the ____ in breast cancer provides a route for cancer cells to spread to the brain & cranium

A

Venous plexus

142
Q

Label the following image

A

A- Subclavian artery & vein
B- Internal thoracic artery & vein
C- Perforating branches
D- Mammory branches
E- Lateral mammary branches
F- Medial mammary branches
G- Lateral thoracic artery & vein
H- Axillary artery & vein

143
Q

Label the following nerves & the branches that they give rise to (for 2 & 3)

A

1- Supraclavicular nerve
2- Intercostal nerve —> medial mammary branches
3- Intercostal nerve —> lateral mammary branches

144
Q

Label the following image

A

1- Suspensory ligaments
2- Lobe
3- Lactiferous sinus
4- Alveoli
5- Lactiferous ducts
6-Lobule
7- Areolar gland
8- Nipple
9- Areola

145
Q

Label the following image

A

1- Sternum
2- Axillary tail of breast
3- Axilla
4- Lobules of fat
5- Nipple
6- Areola
7- Serratus anterior

146
Q

Label the following image

A

A- Axillary artery
B- Cephalic vein
C- Subclavian vein
D- Axillary artery
E- Brachial veins
F- Basilic vein

147
Q

Label the following image

A

1- Skin & subcutaneous fat
2- Platysma
3- Subclavicular nerves
4- Reflected pectoral & deltoid fascia (deep)
5- Anterior & Lateral branches of intercostal nerves
6- Pectoral & deltoid fascia (deep)

Human Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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