Posterior Abdominal Wall (Exam III) Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the physical barrier between the abdominal & pelvic cavities
A
No physical barrier- only arbitrary
2
Q
What creates the ceiling, floor & walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
A
Ceiling: respiratory diaphragm
Floor: bladder, uterus, rectum (pelvic organs)
Posterior wall: bones of vertebral column (lumbar region) & muscles
Anterolateral wall: connective tissue & muscle
3
Q
Abdomen + pelvis =
A
One continuous space
4
Q
Sheet of skeletal muscle & connective tissue that forms a physical barrier between the thorax & abdomen
A
Diaphragm
5
Q
What vertebra comprise the posterior abdominal wall
A
T12-L5
6
Q
Where do we consider the posterior abdominal wall to stop at
A
Disc between L5 & sacrum
7
Q
Hip breaks down into:
A
1- ilium
2- ischium
3- pubis
8
Q
The inguinal ligament stretches between:
A
Pubic tubercle to iliac spine
9
Q
Location of the obturator foramen & what passes through it
A
Hole on either side of pubis & passageway for nerves
10
Q
Part of bony pelvis connected to the sacrum
A
Ilium
11
Q
Upper margin of ilium that is a blunt, curved long ridge
A
Iliac crest
12
Q
Concavity below iliac crest, facing midline of body
A
Iliac fossa
13
Q
Where iliac crest comes to a point
A
Anterior superior iliac spine
14
Q
What do we consider our hip bones
A
Anterior superior iliac spine
15
Q
A
1- iliac crest
2- iliac fossa
3- anterior superior iliac spine
4- inguinal ligament
5- ilium
6- sacrum
7- obturator foramen
8- pubic tubercle
16
Q
How far does the diaphragm come down into the abdominal cavity
A
Rib 12
17
Q
Muscle forming a large portion of the posterior abdominal wall
A
Diaphragm
18
Q
Describe the shape of the diaphragm
A
Highly curved, arching dome
19
Q
What do the upper abdominal organs attach to:
A
Posterior abdominal wall by sticking to the diaphgram
20
Q
Two muscles of the posterior abdominal wall that attach to the transverse processes of lumbar vertebra:
A
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
21
Q
What posterior abdominal wall muscles function in lower limb movement:
A
(Muscles that cross the hip joint)
- psoas major
- iliacus
22
Q
Quadratus lumborum primarily functions in what type of movement:
A
Primarily a lateral flexor
23
Q
What is the practical function of the quadratus lumborum
A
Trunk stabilization
24
Q
Long, thick, strong muscle originating from the transverse processes of lumbar vertebra & 12th thoracic vertebra
A
Psoas major
25
Cylindrical muscle that comes from multiple origins on individual vertebra
Psoas major
26
Muscle that is found in the abdomen & pelvis that acts across hip joint to produce motions of the lower limb (functions mainly in lower limb movement)
Psoas major
27
The psoas major comes down and narrows to a ________ that will cross the hip joint and insert into the ____
Tendon
Femur
28
Muscle on the surface of the psoas major
Psoas minor
29
Thin, mostly fibrous muscle that does NOT cross the hip joint, inserts on the front of the pelvis and may be associated with proprioception and some people dont even have these
Psoas minor
30
Fan-shaped muscle located within the iliac fossa
Iliacus
31
The iliacus crosses the hip joint and functions in ______ limb movement, serving to:
Lower
Flex the hip
32
Two posterior abdominal wall muscle that have the same function
Iliacus
Psoas major
33
Iliacus + psoas major
Iliopsoas
34
Tendons of what posterior abdominal wall muscles fuse together (resulting in there equivalent functions)
Iliacus
Psoas major
35
Muscle of the love back, lateral to the psoas minor
Quadratus lumborum
36
The quadratus lumborum is named for its:
Shape and location
37
What posterior abdominal wall muscle has an origin coming off the iliac crest
Quadratus lumborum
38
The quadratus lumborum has a free lateral margin that:
Does not attach to anything
39
The quadratus lumborum has multiple insertions, including:
12th rib
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebra
40
On the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra, describe the attachments of the quadratus lumborum and psoas major
Psoas major attached infront (anteriorly) to the quadratus lumborum attachments
41
We tend to use the quadratus lumborum on:
One side at a time
42
When using the QL, we flex the trunk laterally toward:
The side where the QL is contracted
43
Does the QL function in lower limb movement? Why?
No
Does not cross hip joint
44
Origin of quadratus lumborum:
Iliac crest
45
The origin of the QL is considered ______
This is involved in _____ movement
Stationary
Teacup
46
The QL is active when _______ to help stabilize the trunk and help control center of gravity
Walking
47
1- diaphragm
2- rib 12
3- iliac crest
4- iliacus
5- psoas minor
6- psoas majro
7- quadratus lumborum
48
Are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall deep intrinsic back muscles or hypaxial muscles?
Hypaxial
49
Because the posterior abdominal wall muscles are all hypaxial- they are innervated by:
Ventral rami of spinal nerves
50
The muscles of the posterior wall require input from:
Multiple spinal cord levels
51
The quadratus lumborum is innervated by:
Ventral rami of spinal nerve T12-L5
52
How many spinal cord levels are responsible for for innervating the quadratus lumborum
5
53
Both the psoas major and minor are innervated by:
Ventral rami of spinal nerves L1-L3
54
The iliacus is innervated by:
Femoral nerve
55
Femoral nerve is a combination of spinal cord levels:
L2, L3, L4
56
1- quadratus lumborum
2- psoas major
3- iliacus
57
The psoas major and iliacus tendons fuse together and go ____ to the hip joint
Anterior
58
The psoas major originates off of both:
Bodies & transverse processes of lumbar vertebra
59
Once the tendons of the iliacus and psoas major fuse, where do they attach:
Lesser trochanter of the femur
60
All of the muscle of the posterior abdominal wall are anterior to the:
Deep intrinsic back muscles
61
What two muscles are anterior to the quadratus lumborum
Iliacus
Psoas major
62
Origin of the QL:
Iliac crest near the midline
63
The QL inserts and attaches to the:
12th rib & transverse processes of lumbar vertebra
64
1- Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
2- thoracolumbar fascia
3- quadratus fascia
4- psoas fascia
65
1- quadratus
2- iliocostalis
3- longissimus
4- multifidus
5- psoas
66
Envelope that surrounds the deep intrinsic back muscles
Thoracolumbar fascia
67
Muscles inside the thoracolumbar lumbar fascia are innervated by:
Dorsal ramus of one or more spinal nerves
68
Muscles outside of the thoracolumbar fascia are innervated by:
Ventral rami of one or more spinal nerves
69
Thickened epimysium layer covering the psoas major
Psoas fascia
70
Location of psoas minor in relative to the psoas fascia
Outside
71
Thickened epimysium later surrounding the QL
QL fascia
72
Both the psoas major and QL are outside of the thoracolumbar fascia so they are considered to be _____ muscles and innervated by ____
Abdominal
Ventral rami
73
What are both the psoas and QL fascia important to
Diaphragm
74
The left cruce is attached to
L1-L2 vertebra
75
The right cruce is attached to
L1-L3 vertebra
76
Posterior attachment of the diaphragm
Vertebral bodies (bone)
77
Lateral & anterior attachments of the diaphragm
Ribs & costal cartilages
78
Where there is no bone anteriorly (in front) in order to strengthen the attachments of the diaphgram what occurs:
Thickened fascia n the form of psoas and QL fascia
79
Three areas in which diaphgram is thickened
1- median arcuate ligament
2- medial arcuate ligament
3- lateral arcuate ligament
80
Opening in the midline of the diaphgram is ______
What is the thickened fascia around this:
Aortic hiatus
Median arcuate ligament
81
Thickened area of diaphgram that crosses the quadratus lumborum:
Lateral arcuate ligament
82
Thicken lower border of diaphragm that crosses the psoas major (contain one on either side)
Medial arcuate ligament
83
Connective tissue surrounding the aortic hiatus involving the two crura of the diaphragm
Median arcuate ligament
84
1- lateral arcuate ligament
2- medial arcuate ligament
3- median arcuate ligament
85
Lumbar plexus is:
Set of bilateral nerves made of the ventral rami of T12-L5 spinal nerves
86
Spinal cord levels involved in the ventral rami of the lumbar plexus
T12-L5
87
Type of information carried by lumbar plexus:
1- somatic motor
2- somatic sensory
3- sympathetics
88
Most of the nerves of the lumbar plexus carry axons from:
More than one spinal cord level
89
Plexuses in general are collections of axons that come of the:
Ventral rami of spinal nerves
90
The somatic motor axons of the lumbar plexus innervate:
Hypaxial derived skeletal muscle
91
The somatic sensory axons of the lumbar plexus innervate/supply:
Skin
(Touch, temp, pain & pressure)
92
What axons response to touch, temp, pain and pressure in the skin?
Somatic sensory axons
93
Examples of somatic sensation
Touch
Temp
Pressure
Pain
94
The sympathetic axons of the lumbar plexus innervate:
Visceral body wall structures
(Sweat gland & smooth muscle axons)
95
Why is the lumbar plexus necessary
Because the muscles of the lower limbs are larger, they are derived from multiple myotomes which in turn require innervation from the corresponding multiple spinal cord levels
96
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal cord root
Myotome
97
How many myotomes are the muscles of the limbs derived from
Multiple
98
The multiple myotomes of the lower limbs require innervation from:
Multiple corresponding spinal nerves (multiple levels)
99
Describe the patches of skin supplied by the nerves that come out of the lumbar plexus
Bigger, larger, irregular shaped patches of skin
(Not nice and neat)
100
Type of nerves innervating the skin that covers the limbs
Somatic sensory
101
The patterns of somatic sensory supply to the skin of the lower limbs differs when comparing it to:
Dermatomes to nerves
102
In the limbs we need to make more complex, larger muscle and we do this by combining _____ together during development
Somites
103
Motion when you pick up limb and move it forward
Flexion of hip
104
Motion when you straighten a limb and move it backwards (posteriorly)
Extension of hip
105
Motion when you move a limb laterally away from midline (outward)
Abduction of hip
106
Motion when you move limb laterally inward toward the midline
Adduction of hip
107
Bend in knee by swinging leg and foot posteriorly
Flexion of knee
108
When leg and knee are straightened out in line with hip
Extension of knee
109
We have ventral rami that come out fron T12-L5 of spinal cord and as soon as these ventral rami get out of the posterior abdominal wall they:
Establish connections b/w them
110
The connections of the ventral rami are making nerves that will be able to:
Supply muscles from multiple spinal cord levels
111
The whole point of having the lumbar plexus:
To make big nerves from multiple spinal cord levels that can supply big muscles and big areas of skin
112
The subcostal nerve is associated with _____ ventral ramus
T12
113
The subcostal nerve is basically a ______ however its named differently because of its inferior location
Intercostal nerve
114
What type of nerve is the subcostal nerve:
Mixed
115
type of information does the subcostal nerve carries:
1- somatic motor
2- somatic sensory
3- sympathetic
116
The somatic motor function of the intercostal nerves innervates:
Abdominal wall muscles
117
The somatic sensory function of the subcostal nerve innervates:
T12 dermatome of abdominal wall
118
The sympathetic function of the subcostal nerve innervates:
Sweat glands, cutaneous vasculature of smooth muscle that needs supply from autonomics
119
Superior branch of nerve coming out of L1 ventral ramus
Iliohypogastric nerve
120
Inferior branch of nerve coming out of L1 ventral ramus
Ilioinguinal nerve
121
The L1 nerve is considered to be what type of nerve:
mixed
122
The L1 nerve carries what type of information:
(both superior & inferior branches)
1- somatic motor
2- somatic sensory
3- sympathetics
123
what are the two branches of the L1 nerve of the lumbar plexus
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
124
what branch of the L1 nerve is most superior
iliohypogastric
125
what does the somatic motor component of the L1 nerve innervate (both iliohypogastric & iliioinguinal branches)
muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
126
what does the somatic sensory component of the L1 nerve innervate (both iliohypogastric & iliioinguinal branches)
L1 dermatome
127
what does the sympathetic component of the L1 iliohypogastric nerve innervate (both iliohypogastric & iliioinguinal branches)
L1 dermatome
128
The iliohypogastric branch of the L1 spinal nerve tends to stay above the _____ up into the ____
iliac crest
abdominal wall
129
The ilioinguinal branch of the L1 spinal nerve tends to extend downward further to:
medial & anterior portions of the thigh & external genitalia
130
what branch of the L1 spinal nerve extends downward more inferiorly & is longer
ilioinguinal branch of the L1 nerve
131
Nerve combing axons from L1-L2
genitofemoral nerve
132
genitofemoral nerve is unusual because (2):
males & females have different combinations of axons in this nerve
passes through psoas major
133
in females, the genitofemoral nerve contains what type of axons:
sensory + small amount of sympathetics
134
in males, the genitofemoral nerve contains what type of axons:
mainly motor + small amount of sympathetics
135
the genitofemoral nerve innervates:
skin of external genitalia & skin on medial part of thigh
136
due to the genitfofemoral nerve has the presence of motor axons in males but not in females implies:
males have an addition muscle that females do not have
137
because the genitofemoral nerve passes through the psoas major, any damage to this muscle has the risk of causing:
compression of the nerve
138
nerve that runs under the inguinal ligament & right across the iliacus
lateral-femoral cutaneous nerve
139
the lateral-femoral cutaneous nerve is a combination of spinal cord levels:
L2-L3
140
In both sexes, the lateral-femoral cutaneous nerve contains purely _____ axons with a little bit of ____ axons
sensory
sympathetics
141
nerve that innervates patch of skin on the lateral part of the thigh
lateral-femoral cutaneous nerve
142
very large nerve responsible for supplying a lot of motor innervation to the lower limb muscles
femoral nerve
143
the femoral nerve is made of axons coming from what spinal cord segments:
L2, L3, L4
144
the femoral nerve is considered a _____ nerve
mixed
145
the somatic motor portion of the femoral nerve innervates:
muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh
146
the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh function to:
1- act as hip flexors
2- knee extension
147
what motion describes the actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh
kicking a ball
148
the somatic sensory component of the femoral nerve innervates:
skin that coves the anterior compartment thigh muscles
149
the ____ component of the femoral nerve innervates the surrounding skin
sympathetic
150
nerve that comes off of the same spinal cord levels as the femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
151
obturator nerve combines axons from what spinal cord levels
L2, L3, L4
152
Obturator nerve comes down into the ____ and through the ____
pelvis; obturator foramen
153
obturator nerves ends up in the:
medial compartment of thigh (part of thigh facing midline)
154
obturator nerve functions in the innervation of the medial compartment of thigh which is involved in what motion:
adduction of hip (moving back towards midline)
155
lumbosacral trunk combines axons from:
L4 & L5
156
contributes to the sciatic nerve
lumbosacral trunk
157
the lumbosacral trunk is considered to be a _____ nerve, carrying _____ axons
mixed
motor, sensory, sympathetic
158
the sympathetic trunk extends from _____ to ____
thorax down into abdomen
159
the sympathetic trunk contains ______ that run infront of psoas major and transverse processes of vertebra
paravertebral ganglia
160
1- subcostal
2- iliohypogastric
3- ilioinguinal
4- lateral femoral cutaneous
5- genitofemoral
6- femoral
7- sympathetic trunk
8- lumbosacral trunk
9- obturator
161
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacteria in the lungs but has a tendency to spread to the:
Spine
162
When TB spreads to the spine it will can cause pockets of pus to form between the vertebra often called:
Miliary tuberculosis
