Joints of the Upper limb: Shoulder & Elbow (Exam IV) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two types of joints in the body?
A
Solid & synovial
2
Q
Most joints in the body; mobile & movable
A
Synovial joints
3
Q
Two categories of solid joints:
A
Fibrous & Cartilagenous
4
Q
What are the three types of fibrous solid joints?
A
Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
5
Q
What are the two types of cartilaginous solid joints?
A
Synchondroses & symphyses
6
Q
Joint between the root of the tooth, periodontal ligament & alveolar bone of mandible:
What type of joint is this?
A
Gomphoses; solid fibrous joint
7
Q
Describe the makeup of synovial joints:
A
Both cartilaginous & fibrous
8
Q
Synovial joints contain_____ that covers the articular ends
A
Hyaline cartilage
9
Q
Synovial joints contain a joint capsule with:
A
Inner synovial membrane & outer fibrous capsule
10
Q
Two examples of synovial joints that contain articular disc:
A
Knee & temporomandibular joint
11
Q
Where two long bones articulate there is a covering of:
A
Articular cartilage (Hyaline cartilage)
12
Q
The articular capsule is made up of:
A
Fibrous capsule & synovial membrane
13
Q
What is found inside the synovial membrane?
A
Synovial fluid
14
Q
What is responsible for reinforcing most joints in the body?
A
Tendons & ligaments
15
Q
Ligaments connect:
Tendons connect:
A
Bone to bone
Muscle to the periosteum of the bone
16
Q
What are the functional classifications of joints:
A
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
17
Q
Describe the degree of mobility for each:
1- Synarthrosis
2- Amphiarthrosis
3- Diarthrosis
A
1- No movement
2- Little movement
3- A lot of movement
18
Q
Give an example of an amphiarthrosis - why is it categorized as this?
A
Pubic symphysis- because its more or less mobile dependent upon the physiological state of the individual
19
Q
List the possible types of movements at synovial joints:
A
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
20
Q
Synovial joints only able to slide/glide along each other with no specific axis of movement:
A
Nonaxial
21
Q
What joints are typically characterized by irregular, flattened surfaces:
A
Nonaxial synovial joint
22
Q
Synovial joint described as a hinge with only a single axis of movement
A
Uniaxial
23
Q
The articulation between the ulna & humerus forms what type of joint?
A
Uniaxial elbow joint
24
Q
Joint with two axis of movement:
Describe the movement
A
Biaxial
May be able to flex/extend & abduct/adduct
25
Synovial joint with greater than two axis of movement
Multiaxial
26
The acromioclavicular joint involves the articulation between:
Structural type of joint:
Functional type (movements allowed)
Acromium process of scapula & clavicle
Synovial- plane
Diarthrotic- glinding & rotation of scapula on clavicle
27
The glenohumeral joint is known as:
The shoulder joint
28
The glenohumeral joint involves articulation between:
Structural type of joint:
Functional type (movements allowed)
Scapula & humerus
Synovial- ball & socket
Diarthrotic- multiaxial- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus/arm
29
The elbow joint involves the articulation between:
Structural type of joint:
Functional type (movements allowed)
Ulna (& radius) with humerus
Synovial- hinge
Diarthrotic- uniaxial- flexion, extension of forearm
30
The proximal radioulnar joint involves the articulation between:
Structural type of joint:
Functional type (movements allowed)
Radius & ulna
Synovial- pivot
Diarthrotic- uniaxial- rotation of radius along long axis of forearm to allow pronation & supination
31
The distal radioulnar joint involves the articulation between:
Structural type of joint:
Functional type (movements allowed)
Radius & ulna
Synovial- pivot (contains articular disc)
Diarthrotic- uniaxial- rotation (convex head of ulna rotations in ulnar notch of radius)
32
The sternoclavicular joint involves the articulation between:
Structural type of joint:
Functional type (movements allowed)
Manubrium of sternum & clavicle
Synovial- shallow saddle with articular disc
Diarthrotic- mutliaxial
33
What is the only bony articulation of the upper limb with the thorax?
Sternoclavicualr joint
34
What do the radioulnar (proximal & distal) joints accomplish?
Pronation & supination of forearm
35
What is the only bone to actually articulate with the wrist?
Radius
36
The upper limb is built for:
The lower limb is built for:
Mobility
Locomotion
37
Responsible for hanging the shoulder & upper limb off the body (reinforced by ligaments & musculature)
Clavicle
38
The pectoral girdle is the:
Shoulder girdle
39
The pectoral girdle is made of:
Scapula & clavicle only
40
What is not part of the pectoral girdle but articulates with it
Humerus
41
Clavicle + scapula + humerus
Shoulder complex
42
What are the two joints of the upper limb?
sternocalvicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
43
The acromioclavicular end of the clavicle is the _____ end of the clavicle
lateral
44
Responsible for reinforcing the clavicle & acromiom attachment
acromioclavicular ligament
45
Attaches one part of the scapular to another part of the scapula forming a roof over the glenoid region:
coricoacromioligament
46
Reinforce & keep calvicle from popping up off its articulation with the scapula
coricoclavicular ligaments
47
The subacromial space is roofed over by:
coricoacromial ligament
48
The glenohumeral joint involves articulation between
head of humerus with glenoid of scapula
49
what is the glenoid of the scapula
articulating surface of the scapula
50
the scapula sits in a bunch of
muscle & fascia
51
the scapula articulates with _____ & then the _____ articulates with the sternum
clavicle
52
what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial joint
53
the sternoclavicular joint is described as:
double/shallow saddle
54
describe the synovial cavity of the sternoclavicular joint
two separate synovial cavities
55
what ligament connects the clavicle to the first rib
costoclavicular ligament
56
what ligament goes in between the tow heads of the clavicles
interclavicular ligament
57
ligament going from the clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum
anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
58
what is the only "true" bony articulation between the upper limb & the thorax
sternocalvicular joint
59
because the sternoclavicular joint is a multiaxial joint, what movements does it produce?
1- elevation & depression of clavicle & disc
2- protraction & retracton of clavicle & sternum
3- rotation of both clavicle & sternum
60
The dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is typically caused by:
traumatic event with a lot of force
61
describe the prevalence of a sternoclavicular joint dislocation
rare
62
most sternoclavicular dislocations are a result of:
fractures of the epiphyseal plate at the sternal end of the clavicle in individuals less than 25 years of age
63
what is more common, a clavicle fracture or a sternoclavicular dislocation?
clavicle fracture
64
ankylosis of the sternoclavicular joint is characterized by:
stiffening, fixation or fusion of the SC joint
65
ankylosis of the sternoclavicular joint can be caused by what two conditions?
arthritic conditions
SAPHO syndrome
66
An inflammatory condition that may include synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis:
SAPHO syndrome
67
Elbow bone
olecranon
68
Torn, ruptured, or strained coricoclavicular ligaments result in:
shoulder separation
69
A shoulder separation results in separation of the:
clavicle from the scapular complex
70
joint between the end of the clavicle & acromium of the scapula
accromioclavicular joint
71
coracoclavicular ligaments are responsible for:
holding the clavicle down to the scapula
72
what are the two coricoclavicular ligaments
trapezoid & conoid
73
the acromioclavicular ligament binds to the:
acromioclavicular joint
74
the acromioclavicular joint is what type of joint
synovial plane joint
75
what are the supporting or accessory ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?
coracoclavicular ligaments
76
what are the two parts of the acromioclavicular ligaments?
superior & inferior acromioclavicular ligaments
77
of the coricoclavicular ligaments, which one is more lateral & which is more medial?
medial- conoid
lateral- trapezoid
78
acromioclavicular joint dislocation is synonomous with:
separated shoulder
79
landing hard on the elbow can cause what type of shoulder injury?
shoulder separation
80
A grade I separated shoulder is characterized by:
acromioclavicular ligament sprain
81
A grade II separated shoulder is characterized by:
acromioclavicular ligament tear
82
A grade III separated shoulder is characterized by:
both acromiocclavicular & coracoclavicular ligament tears
83
Physical indications of shoulder separation include:
Redness, edema & lump over the superior aspect of the shoulder
84
Describe the glenohumeral joint:
shallow ball & socket joint
85
The synovial capsule that surrounds the glenohumeral joint is:
fibrous, weak & mobile
86
The synovial capsule is reinforced by:
the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles
87
The synovial capsule is pierced by:
long tendon of biceps brachii
88
the long tendon of the biceps brachii pierces the synovial capsule & attaches to:
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula & glenoid labrum
89
Series of four muscle coming from the scapula & hugging the head of the humerus
rotator cuff muscles
90
List everything that surrounds the glenohumeral joint (5):
synovial cavity
fibrous capsule
glenohumeral ligaments
coracohumeral ligaments
tendons of the muscles
91
The glenoid is small & shallow but expanded by:
glenoid labrum
92
What ligaments surround & reinforce the glenohumeral joint?
capsular ligaments
93
location of the capsular ligaments?
surround the glenohumeral joints
94
what ligaments comprise the capsular ligaments?
glenohumeral & coracohumeral ligaments
95
what are the three glenohumeral ligaments?
superior, middle & inferior
96
ligament that attaches to the neck of the coracoid process?
coracohumeral ligament
97
Pillows of synovial fluid between muscle & joint capsule &/or bone & joint capsule
bursa
98
inflammation of the bursa
bursitis
99
list the bursa of the glenohumeral joint (4)
1- subscapular bursa
2- subacromial bursa
3- subcoricoid bursa
4- synovial sheath
100
bursa deep to the accromium that protects the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles as they slide underneath the acromium
subacromial bursa
101
The subacromial bursa tend to be continuous with:
subdeltoid bursa
102
sleeve of bursa around the tendon of biceps brachii muscle
synovial sheath
103
what does the head of the humerus articulate with?
glenoid fossa
104
what muscle make up the rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
105
which rotator cuff muscle is on the anterior aspect of the scapula
subscapularis
106
comes off the spine of the scapula posteriorly & sits on the lateral posterior aspect of the shoulder:
acromium proccess
107
what tendons/muscles reinforce & stabilize the glenohumeral joint
rotator cuff muscles/tendons
108
the coracoid process points _____ while the acromion process sits on the ____ aspect of the shoulder
anteriorly
lateral posterior
109
indentation of the glenoid of the scapula:
glenoid fossa
110
injuries to the rotator cuff muscles can have effect on:
stability of the glenohumeral joint
111
the glenohumeral joint can be described as:
freely mobile yet relatively unstable
112
it is common for a glenohumeral joint to become dislocation?
yes
113
which is more common- an anterior or posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation
anterior
114
describe an anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation:
head of humerus becomes dislodge & is dispositioned inferiorly & pushed anteriorly
115
anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joints most commonly occur in ____ & especially _____
young adults
athletes
116
dislocation of the glenohumeral joint can cause damage to the:
axillary nerve
117
the axillary nerve is responsible for innervation of the:
deltoid & teres minor
118
describe location of the axillary nerve in regards to the upper limb:
wraps around anatomical neck of humerus
119
The sensory supply of the axillary nerve goes to:
posterior aspect of shoulder (shoulder joint & skin covering)
120
When refer to the term "frozen shoulder" this is synonymous with:
adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint
121
Chronic inflammation of the glenohumeral joint can lead to fibrosis between the:
joint capsule, rotator cuff muscles & synovial bursa
122
Frozen shoulders are most commonly seen in:
40-60 year olds are more commonly men
123
what motion is affected with a frozen shoulder?
abduction
124
why might rotator cuff muscles be damaged in a patient with a frozen shoulder?
because of compensatory scapular movements
125
In a frozen shoulder- what joint might become strained?
acromioclavicular joint
126
what conditions may initiate a frozen shoulder?
(4)
glenohumeral dislocation, supraspinatus tendinitis, bicipital tendinitis and/or rotator cuff tears
127
what are the two significant bony prominences on the head of the humerus involved in the elbow joint:
trochlea & capitulum
128
what are the three bones involved in the elbow joint:
distal end of humerus & proximal ends of radius & ulna
129
the elbow (cubital) joint is where ____ meets _____
brachium
antebrachium
130
when we think of the true elbow joint, we are talking about:
humeroulnar joint
131
the elbow joint consists of what three articulations
1- humeral-ulnar
2- humeral-radial
3- proximal-radial ulnar
132
the axis of movement for flexion & extension of the forearm occur at:
the elbow: between the ulna & humerus
133
what type of movement occurs with the proximal radioulnar articulation & when does this movement occur?
gliding & rotation during pronation & supination
134
extension of the forearm is accomplished by:
triceps (posterior muscle)
135
flexion of the forearm is accomplished by:
biceps brachialis and brachialis (anterior muscles)
136
the radius is ____ & associated with the _____ side
the ulna is ______ & is associated with the ____ side
radius --> lateral- thumbside
ulna --> medial - pinky side
137
ligament that runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament on the radius & also has some attachments to the ulna:
radial-collateral ligament
138
ligament that attaches from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna:
ulnar-collateral ligament
139
ligament that attaches from the lateral aspect of the ulna to the medial aspect of the ulna & wraps around the circumference of the radial head:
annular ligament
140
functions to allow the radial head to spin during pronation & supination
annular ligament
141
characterized by radial head slipping out of the annular ligament- not fully dislocated but out of position:
subluxation of radial head
142
what is the difference between a subluxation & dislocation
subluxation- pulled out of ligament but still in line with joint
dislocation- pulled out of ligament & out of line with joint
143
Nursemaids elbow
subluxation of radial head
144
what is tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis
145
when tendons of the forearm become inflamed or torn at their lateral epicondyle attachment:
lateral epicondylitis
146
lateral epicondylitis is an injury typically caused by:
repetitive motion
147
what tendon in particular becomes inflamed in lateral epicondylitis?
extensor carpi radialis brevis
148
what is a FOOSH injury
falling on outstretched hand
149
describe a colles fracture:
complete transverse fracture of the distal two centimeters radius
150
in a colles fracture the distal end of the radius is displaced:
dorsally
151
a colles fracture can result from:
falling on outstretched hand
152
a colles fracture may also be referred to as:
a dinner fork deformity
153
what are the names of the wrist bones & how many are there?
Carpals- 8
154
what are the names of the hand bone (palm) & how many are there?
Metacarpals- 5
155
what is the name of the finger bones & how many are there?
Phalanges- 14
156
Each digit has _____ segments, while the thumb has ____ segments
3; 2
