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Human Gross Anatomy > Joints of the Upper limb: Shoulder & Elbow (Exam IV) > Flashcards

Joints of the Upper limb: Shoulder & Elbow (Exam IV) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of joints in the body?

A

Solid & synovial

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2
Q

Most joints in the body; mobile & movable

A

Synovial joints

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3
Q

Two categories of solid joints:

A

Fibrous & Cartilagenous

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4
Q

What are the three types of fibrous solid joints?

A

Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses

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5
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous solid joints?

A

Synchondroses & symphyses

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6
Q

Joint between the root of the tooth, periodontal ligament & alveolar bone of mandible:

What type of joint is this?

A

Gomphoses; solid fibrous joint

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7
Q

Describe the makeup of synovial joints:

A

Both cartilaginous & fibrous

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8
Q

Synovial joints contain_____ that covers the articular ends

A

Hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Synovial joints contain a joint capsule with:

A

Inner synovial membrane & outer fibrous capsule

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10
Q

Two examples of synovial joints that contain articular disc:

A

Knee & temporomandibular joint

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11
Q

Where two long bones articulate there is a covering of:

A

Articular cartilage (Hyaline cartilage)

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12
Q

The articular capsule is made up of:

A

Fibrous capsule & synovial membrane

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13
Q

What is found inside the synovial membrane?

A

Synovial fluid

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14
Q

What is responsible for reinforcing most joints in the body?

A

Tendons & ligaments

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15
Q

Ligaments connect:

Tendons connect:

A

Bone to bone

Muscle to the periosteum of the bone

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16
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints:

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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17
Q

Describe the degree of mobility for each:
1- Synarthrosis
2- Amphiarthrosis
3- Diarthrosis

A

1- No movement
2- Little movement
3- A lot of movement

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18
Q

Give an example of an amphiarthrosis - why is it categorized as this?

A

Pubic symphysis- because its more or less mobile dependent upon the physiological state of the individual

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19
Q

List the possible types of movements at synovial joints:

A

Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

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20
Q

Synovial joints only able to slide/glide along each other with no specific axis of movement:

A

Nonaxial

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21
Q

What joints are typically characterized by irregular, flattened surfaces:

A

Nonaxial synovial joint

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22
Q

Synovial joint described as a hinge with only a single axis of movement

A

Uniaxial

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23
Q

The articulation between the ulna & humerus forms what type of joint?

A

Uniaxial elbow joint

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24
Q

Joint with two axis of movement:

Describe the movement

A

Biaxial

May be able to flex/extend & abduct/adduct

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25
Q

Synovial joint with greater than two axis of movement

A

Multiaxial

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26
Q

The acromioclavicular joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type (movements allowed)

A

Acromium process of scapula & clavicle

Synovial- plane

Diarthrotic- glinding & rotation of scapula on clavicle

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27
Q

The glenohumeral joint is known as:

A

The shoulder joint

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28
Q

The glenohumeral joint involves articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type (movements allowed)

A

Scapula & humerus

Synovial- ball & socket

Diarthrotic- multiaxial- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus/arm

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29
Q

The elbow joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type (movements allowed)

A

Ulna (& radius) with humerus

Synovial- hinge

Diarthrotic- uniaxial- flexion, extension of forearm

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30
Q

The proximal radioulnar joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type (movements allowed)

A

Radius & ulna

Synovial- pivot

Diarthrotic- uniaxial- rotation of radius along long axis of forearm to allow pronation & supination

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31
Q

The distal radioulnar joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type (movements allowed)

A

Radius & ulna

Synovial- pivot (contains articular disc)

Diarthrotic- uniaxial- rotation (convex head of ulna rotations in ulnar notch of radius)

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32
Q

The sternoclavicular joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type (movements allowed)

A

Manubrium of sternum & clavicle

Synovial- shallow saddle with articular disc

Diarthrotic- mutliaxial

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33
Q

What is the only bony articulation of the upper limb with the thorax?

A

Sternoclavicualr joint

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34
Q

What do the radioulnar (proximal & distal) joints accomplish?

A

Pronation & supination of forearm

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35
Q

What is the only bone to actually articulate with the wrist?

A

Radius

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36
Q

The upper limb is built for:

The lower limb is built for:

A

Mobility
Locomotion

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37
Q

Responsible for hanging the shoulder & upper limb off the body (reinforced by ligaments & musculature)

A

Clavicle

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38
Q

The pectoral girdle is the:

A

Shoulder girdle

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39
Q

The pectoral girdle is made of:

A

Scapula & clavicle only

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40
Q

What is not part of the pectoral girdle but articulates with it

A

Humerus

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41
Q

Clavicle + scapula + humerus

A

Shoulder complex

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42
Q

What are the two joints of the upper limb?

A

sternocalvicular joint
acromioclavicular joint

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43
Q

The acromioclavicular end of the clavicle is the _____ end of the clavicle

A

lateral

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44
Q

Responsible for reinforcing the clavicle & acromiom attachment

A

acromioclavicular ligament

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45
Q

Attaches one part of the scapular to another part of the scapula forming a roof over the glenoid region:

A

coricoacromioligament

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46
Q

Reinforce & keep calvicle from popping up off its articulation with the scapula

A

coricoclavicular ligaments

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47
Q

The subacromial space is roofed over by:

A

coricoacromial ligament

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48
Q

The glenohumeral joint involves articulation between

A

head of humerus with glenoid of scapula

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49
Q

what is the glenoid of the scapula

A

articulating surface of the scapula

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50
Q

the scapula sits in a bunch of

A

muscle & fascia

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51
Q

the scapula articulates with _____ & then the _____ articulates with the sternum

A

clavicle

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52
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial joint

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53
Q

the sternoclavicular joint is described as:

A

double/shallow saddle

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54
Q

describe the synovial cavity of the sternoclavicular joint

A

two separate synovial cavities

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55
Q

what ligament connects the clavicle to the first rib

A

costoclavicular ligament

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56
Q

what ligament goes in between the tow heads of the clavicles

A

interclavicular ligament

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57
Q

ligament going from the clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum

A

anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligaments

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58
Q

what is the only “true” bony articulation between the upper limb & the thorax

A

sternocalvicular joint

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59
Q

because the sternoclavicular joint is a multiaxial joint, what movements does it produce?

A

1- elevation & depression of clavicle & disc
2- protraction & retracton of clavicle & sternum
3- rotation of both clavicle & sternum

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60
Q

The dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is typically caused by:

A

traumatic event with a lot of force

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61
Q

describe the prevalence of a sternoclavicular joint dislocation

A

rare

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62
Q

most sternoclavicular dislocations are a result of:

A

fractures of the epiphyseal plate at the sternal end of the clavicle in individuals less than 25 years of age

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63
Q

what is more common, a clavicle fracture or a sternoclavicular dislocation?

A

clavicle fracture

64
Q

ankylosis of the sternoclavicular joint is characterized by:

A

stiffening, fixation or fusion of the SC joint

65
Q

ankylosis of the sternoclavicular joint can be caused by what two conditions?

A

arthritic conditions
SAPHO syndrome

66
Q

An inflammatory condition that may include synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis:

A

SAPHO syndrome

67
Q

Elbow bone

A

olecranon

68
Q

Torn, ruptured, or strained coricoclavicular ligaments result in:

A

shoulder separation

69
Q

A shoulder separation results in separation of the:

A

clavicle from the scapular complex

70
Q

joint between the end of the clavicle & acromium of the scapula

A

accromioclavicular joint

71
Q

coracoclavicular ligaments are responsible for:

A

holding the clavicle down to the scapula

72
Q

what are the two coricoclavicular ligaments

A

trapezoid & conoid

73
Q

the acromioclavicular ligament binds to the:

A

acromioclavicular joint

74
Q

the acromioclavicular joint is what type of joint

A

synovial plane joint

75
Q

what are the supporting or accessory ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?

A

coracoclavicular ligaments

76
Q

what are the two parts of the acromioclavicular ligaments?

A

superior & inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

77
Q

of the coricoclavicular ligaments, which one is more lateral & which is more medial?

A

medial- conoid
lateral- trapezoid

78
Q

acromioclavicular joint dislocation is synonomous with:

A

separated shoulder

79
Q

landing hard on the elbow can cause what type of shoulder injury?

A

shoulder separation

80
Q

A grade I separated shoulder is characterized by:

A

acromioclavicular ligament sprain

81
Q

A grade II separated shoulder is characterized by:

A

acromioclavicular ligament tear

82
Q

A grade III separated shoulder is characterized by:

A

both acromiocclavicular & coracoclavicular ligament tears

83
Q

Physical indications of shoulder separation include:

A

Redness, edema & lump over the superior aspect of the shoulder

84
Q

Describe the glenohumeral joint:

A

shallow ball & socket joint

85
Q

The synovial capsule that surrounds the glenohumeral joint is:

A

fibrous, weak & mobile

86
Q

The synovial capsule is reinforced by:

A

the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles

87
Q

The synovial capsule is pierced by:

A

long tendon of biceps brachii

88
Q

the long tendon of the biceps brachii pierces the synovial capsule & attaches to:

A

supraglenoid tubercle of scapula & glenoid labrum

89
Q

Series of four muscle coming from the scapula & hugging the head of the humerus

A

rotator cuff muscles

90
Q

List everything that surrounds the glenohumeral joint (5):

A

synovial cavity
fibrous capsule
glenohumeral ligaments
coracohumeral ligaments
tendons of the muscles

91
Q

The glenoid is small & shallow but expanded by:

A

glenoid labrum

92
Q

What ligaments surround & reinforce the glenohumeral joint?

A

capsular ligaments

93
Q

location of the capsular ligaments?

A

surround the glenohumeral joints

94
Q

what ligaments comprise the capsular ligaments?

A

glenohumeral & coracohumeral ligaments

95
Q

what are the three glenohumeral ligaments?

A

superior, middle & inferior

96
Q

ligament that attaches to the neck of the coracoid process?

A

coracohumeral ligament

97
Q

Pillows of synovial fluid between muscle & joint capsule &/or bone & joint capsule

A

bursa

98
Q

inflammation of the bursa

A

bursitis

99
Q

list the bursa of the glenohumeral joint (4)

A

1- subscapular bursa
2- subacromial bursa
3- subcoricoid bursa
4- synovial sheath

100
Q

bursa deep to the accromium that protects the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles as they slide underneath the acromium

A

subacromial bursa

101
Q

The subacromial bursa tend to be continuous with:

A

subdeltoid bursa

102
Q

sleeve of bursa around the tendon of biceps brachii muscle

A

synovial sheath

103
Q

what does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

glenoid fossa

104
Q

what muscle make up the rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

105
Q

which rotator cuff muscle is on the anterior aspect of the scapula

A

subscapularis

106
Q

comes off the spine of the scapula posteriorly & sits on the lateral posterior aspect of the shoulder:

A

acromium proccess

107
Q

what tendons/muscles reinforce & stabilize the glenohumeral joint

A

rotator cuff muscles/tendons

108
Q

the coracoid process points _____ while the acromion process sits on the ____ aspect of the shoulder

A

anteriorly
lateral posterior

109
Q

indentation of the glenoid of the scapula:

A

glenoid fossa

110
Q

injuries to the rotator cuff muscles can have effect on:

A

stability of the glenohumeral joint

111
Q

the glenohumeral joint can be described as:

A

freely mobile yet relatively unstable

112
Q

it is common for a glenohumeral joint to become dislocation?

A

yes

113
Q

which is more common- an anterior or posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation

A

anterior

114
Q

describe an anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation:

A

head of humerus becomes dislodge & is dispositioned inferiorly & pushed anteriorly

115
Q

anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joints most commonly occur in ____ & especially _____

A

young adults
athletes

116
Q

dislocation of the glenohumeral joint can cause damage to the:

A

axillary nerve

117
Q

the axillary nerve is responsible for innervation of the:

A

deltoid & teres minor

118
Q

describe location of the axillary nerve in regards to the upper limb:

A

wraps around anatomical neck of humerus

119
Q

The sensory supply of the axillary nerve goes to:

A

posterior aspect of shoulder (shoulder joint & skin covering)

120
Q

When refer to the term “frozen shoulder” this is synonymous with:

A

adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint

121
Q

Chronic inflammation of the glenohumeral joint can lead to fibrosis between the:

A

joint capsule, rotator cuff muscles & synovial bursa

122
Q

Frozen shoulders are most commonly seen in:

A

40-60 year olds are more commonly men

123
Q

what motion is affected with a frozen shoulder?

A

abduction

124
Q

why might rotator cuff muscles be damaged in a patient with a frozen shoulder?

A

because of compensatory scapular movements

125
Q

In a frozen shoulder- what joint might become strained?

A

acromioclavicular joint

126
Q

what conditions may initiate a frozen shoulder?

(4)

A

glenohumeral dislocation, supraspinatus tendinitis, bicipital tendinitis and/or rotator cuff tears

127
Q

what are the two significant bony prominences on the head of the humerus involved in the elbow joint:

A

trochlea & capitulum

128
Q

what are the three bones involved in the elbow joint:

A

distal end of humerus & proximal ends of radius & ulna

129
Q

the elbow (cubital) joint is where ____ meets _____

A

brachium
antebrachium

130
Q

when we think of the true elbow joint, we are talking about:

A

humeroulnar joint

131
Q

the elbow joint consists of what three articulations

A

1- humeral-ulnar
2- humeral-radial
3- proximal-radial ulnar

132
Q

the axis of movement for flexion & extension of the forearm occur at:

A

the elbow: between the ulna & humerus

133
Q

what type of movement occurs with the proximal radioulnar articulation & when does this movement occur?

A

gliding & rotation during pronation & supination

134
Q

extension of the forearm is accomplished by:

A

triceps (posterior muscle)

135
Q

flexion of the forearm is accomplished by:

A

biceps brachialis and brachialis (anterior muscles)

136
Q

the radius is ____ & associated with the _____ side

the ulna is ______ & is associated with the ____ side

A

radius –> lateral- thumbside

ulna –> medial - pinky side

137
Q

ligament that runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament on the radius & also has some attachments to the ulna:

A

radial-collateral ligament

138
Q

ligament that attaches from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna:

A

ulnar-collateral ligament

139
Q

ligament that attaches from the lateral aspect of the ulna to the medial aspect of the ulna & wraps around the circumference of the radial head:

A

annular ligament

140
Q

functions to allow the radial head to spin during pronation & supination

A

annular ligament

141
Q

characterized by radial head slipping out of the annular ligament- not fully dislocated but out of position:

A

subluxation of radial head

142
Q

what is the difference between a subluxation & dislocation

A

subluxation- pulled out of ligament but still in line with joint

dislocation- pulled out of ligament & out of line with joint

143
Q

Nursemaids elbow

A

subluxation of radial head

144
Q

what is tennis elbow

A

lateral epicondylitis

145
Q

when tendons of the forearm become inflamed or torn at their lateral epicondyle attachment:

A

lateral epicondylitis

146
Q

lateral epicondylitis is an injury typically caused by:

A

repetitive motion

147
Q

what tendon in particular becomes inflamed in lateral epicondylitis?

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis

148
Q

what is a FOOSH injury

A

falling on outstretched hand

149
Q

describe a colles fracture:

A

complete transverse fracture of the distal two centimeters radius

150
Q

in a colles fracture the distal end of the radius is displaced:

A

dorsally

151
Q

a colles fracture can result from:

A

falling on outstretched hand

152
Q

a colles fracture may also be referred to as:

A

a dinner fork deformity

153
Q

what are the names of the wrist bones & how many are there?

A

Carpals- 8

154
Q

what are the names of the hand bone (palm) & how many are there?

A

Metacarpals- 5

155
Q

what is the name of the finger bones & how many are there?

A

Phalanges- 14

156
Q

Each digit has _____ segments, while the thumb has ____ segments

A

3; 2

Human Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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