the autonomic nervous system (schmidt)

Question 1

effector sites of ACh

Answer 1

M receptors on parasympathetic target organs. alpha and beta receptors on skeletal muscle

Question 2

the cholinergic system

Answer 2

a substance is cholinergic if it is able to release acetylcholine

Question 3

muscarine

Answer 3

cholinergic substance, causes bradycardia

Question 4

nicotine

Answer 4

cholinergic substance, causes tachycardia

Question 5

acetylcholinesterase

Answer 5

most active enzyme, breaks up acetylcholine

Question 6

presynaptic autoreceptors

Answer 6

present in skeletal muscle, can cause release of acetylcholine or not

Question 7

botulinum toxin

Answer 7

neurotoxin, proteins that cause vesicles to release its inside are destroyed by this toxin

Question 8

which receptors does atropine block

Answer 8

blocks M2 and M3 receptors

Question 9

muscarinic receptors (M)

Answer 9

muscarine has a positive charge, causes sweating and bradycardia

Question 10

what do nicotinic receptors (N) activate

Answer 10

activates sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate via binding to beta receptor. ACh binds to alpha subunit

Question 11

nicotinic receptor agonist

Answer 11

depolarizing, some muscle relaxants work on nicotinic Ach receptors which tranport Na into the cell

Question 12

nicotinic receptor antagonist

Answer 12

non-depolarizing, competitive antagonist (D-tubocurarine)

Question 13

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 13

receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters or mediators

Question 14

M1

Answer 14

nerve cells (stimulation)

Question 15

M2

Answer 15

heart (inhibition)

Question 16

M3

Answer 16

smooth muscle (contraction), exocrine glands (secretion)

Question 17

M4

Answer 17

striatum and lungs

Question 18

adrenoceptors

Answer 18

Alpha1, 2 and beta1,2,3

Question 19

sympathetic activation

Answer 19

increased heart rate by steeper depolarisation via beta 1 receptors

Question 20

parasympathetic activation

Answer 20

decreased heart rate by less steep depolarisation

Question 21

bradycardia

Answer 21

heart is less active because M2 receptor is too active

Question 22

tachycardia

Answer 22

heart is too active

Question 23

M2 muscarinic receptor

Answer 23

presynaptic autoreceptor, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, suppression of phosphorylation of ca channels

Question 24

M3 muscarinic receptor

Answer 24

vasodilator effects via NO release from endothelial cells

Question 25

NO

Answer 25

endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF)

Question 26

cathecolamines

Answer 26

biological amines like dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, which are derived from tyrosine

Question 27

noradrenaline

Answer 27

neuronal reuptake

Question 28

acetylcholine

Answer 28

spliced in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase

Question 29

indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs

Answer 29

e.g. cocaine and amphetamine, they inhibit noradrenaline transporter

Question 30

beta 1 receptor

Answer 30

increasing heartbeat

Question 31

to which protein is alpha 1 coupled

Answer 31

Gq

Question 32

alpha 2

Answer 32

Gi

Question 33

beta 1

Answer 33

Gs

Question 34

beta 2

Answer 34

Gs

Question 35

M2

Answer 35

Gi

Question 36

M3,4

Answer 36

Gq