basics of pharmacology (schmidt)

Question 1

pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

analysis of the biological effect, what the drug does to the body

Question 2

pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

analysis of their fate in the body, what the body does to the drug

Question 3

topical administration

Answer 3

local administration at a specific site

Question 4

polarity and charge determine:

Answer 4

central effect (blood brain barrier can be crossed), peripheral effect (blood brain barrier cannot be crossed)

Question 5

albumin

Answer 5

albumin slows down drug release by binding to it

Question 6

pre-systemic elimination

Answer 6

first-pass effect, causes low systemic load

Question 7

digoxin

Answer 7

steroid backbone, in the plasma membrane, treating heart failure

Question 8

atropine

Answer 8

most important competitive antagonist of the muscarinic ACh receptors

Question 9

concentration binding curves

Answer 9

the curve decreases in steepness because less binding sites are available when more drug is bound

Question 10

agonist

Answer 10

mimetic drug that has intrinsic activity, induces a biological response

Question 11

antagonist

Answer 11

blocker, lytic drug and has no intrinsic activity, occupies receptor

Question 12

intrinsic activity

Answer 12

causes higher efficacy of a drug, so full agonist has higher efficacy

Question 13

functional antagonism

Answer 13

two agonists induce an opposite effect via activation of different receptors

Question 14

competitive antagonism

Answer 14

two agonists compete for the same receptor (atropine and propranolol)

Question 15

M3 receptor

Answer 15

muscarinic receptor, can bind Gq

Question 16

Gq protein

Answer 16

can bind to a receptor, activating PLC

Question 17

Phospholipase C (PLC)

Answer 17

activated by Gq protein and causes generation of IP3 and DAG from PIP2.

Question 18

calmodulin

Answer 18

changes when binding CA2+ allowing it to regulate the activity of many target proteins

Question 19

DAG

Answer 19

lipid produced by the cleavage of inotisol phospholipids in response to extracellular signals. helps activate PKC

Question 20

PKC

Answer 20

activated by DAG and an increase in the concentration of cytosolic CA, once activated phosphorylates target proteins

Question 21

cAMP

Answer 21

activator of PKA upon ATP binding, causing relaxation

Question 22

ion channels

Answer 22

act very fast, causes hyperpolarisation or depolarisation, depending on the ion

Question 23

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 23

g proteins activate or inhibit, slower than ion channels because conformational change happens

Question 24

hyperpolarisation

Answer 24

potassium is leaving the cell, which decreases its activity

Question 25

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer 25

present in skeletal muscle cells

Question 26

M2 receptor

Answer 26

coupled to Gi, inhibits cAMP synthesis, thereby slowing down the heartbeat

Question 27

nuclear receptor

Answer 27

slow receptor because transcription and synthesis needs to happen

Question 28

artherosclerosis

Answer 28

reduced: production of NO in endothelial cells, activation of guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells, relaxation of vascular muscle cells

Question 29

insulin receptor

Answer 29

maintaining glucose homeostasis and does cellular proliferation, kinase linked receptor

Question 30

protein synthesis regulating receptor

Answer 30

reacting with hormones, causing transcription of a protein

Question 31

nicotinic receptor

Answer 31

ligand gated ion channel receptor