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Scientific Basis of CV, Resp, and sleep science > The automatic nervous system > Flashcards

The automatic nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system (brain and spinal chord)
The peripheral nervous system (nerve cells carrying info to or from CNS)

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2
Q

What are the 2 branches of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic and autonomic nervous system.

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3
Q

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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4
Q

What is the input of the autonomic nervous system?

A

They get their input from autonomic sensory neurons (associated with interoceptors such as chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors).

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5
Q

What is the output of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Output via autonomic motor neurons to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

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6
Q

Main actions of autonomic nervous system?

A

In the heart, sympathetic stimulation= heart rate and force increased, parasympathetic= heart rate and force decreased.
In the iris, sympathetic= pupil dilation, parasympathetic= pupil constriction.

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7
Q

What is the meaning of dual innervation?

A

The organ receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses (most organs have this).
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic are 2 neuron systems.

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A

Cell bodies in lateral horns of grey matter in spinal cord of: 12 thoracic segments, first 2-3 lumbar segments of the thoracolumbar division.

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9
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A

Cell bodies in nuclei of: 4 cranial nerves (III, VII, IX and X), lateral horns of 2-4 sacral segments, craniosacral division.

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10
Q

What is the length of preganglionic neurons?

A

These are short.
(close to spinal cord, not far to go)

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11
Q

What is the length of postganglionic neurons?

A

These are long.
(go far to reach effectors).

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12
Q

Where are the sympathetic ganglia?

A

These lie in a vertical row alongside vertebrae from the skull to coccyx (sympathetic chain).
Found closer to spinal cord.

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13
Q

What are the features of the collateral (pre vertebral) ganglia?

A

These lie in front of the vertebral column alongside the abdominal arteries (celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion).

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14
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

These are located close to the effector organs.
(The preganglionic axons are longer than the sympathetic axons.)

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15
Q

What are some examples are neurotransmitters in the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine and noradrenaline.

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16
Q

Which neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) ?

A

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Also, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands).

17
Q

What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

-Nicotinic receptors
-Muscarinic receptors

18
Q

What are nicotinic receptors?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.

19
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?

A

-Plasma membranes of effector organs inverted by parasympathetic NS
-Membrane of sweat glands inverted by sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

20
Q

How is ACh broken down?

A

It is broken down by the action of acetylcholinesterase.

21
Q

What is noradrenaline released by?

A

Released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

22
Q

What are the features of noradrenaline?

A

Acts at adrenergic receptors at effector organs.
2 main groups of adrenergic receptors (alpha -1 and 2 and beta-1,2 and 3).

23
Q

How is noradrenaline broken down?

A

Broken down by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

24
Q

Function of alpha 1 adrenergic receptor?

A

Located at vascular smooth muscle and increased vascular smooth muscle contraction.

25
Q

Function of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor?

A

Located at CNS and decreases sympathetic outflow.

26
Q

Function of beta 1 adrenergic receptor?

A

Located at cardiac cells and increase heart rate, contractility and renin release.

27
Q

Function of beta 2 adrenergic receptor?

A

Located at bronchiole smooth muscle and vascular smooth muscle. They account for bronchodilation and vasodilation.

28
Q

Function of beta 3 adrenergic receptor?

A

Located at adipose tissue, bladder and gall bladder and increase lipolysis and relaxation of bladder.

29
Q

What is the impact on bronchi if you have asthma?

A

The muscles wrapped around the tube tighten and cause the bronchial tube lining to become inflamed (excess mucus).

30
Q

What does a bronchodilator do?

A

This is medication that helps people with asthma breathe easier as it relaxes the muscles and widens the airways.

31
Q

What is the mechanism for bronchodilation in beta 2 receptors?

A

Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (Adrenergic)
* Work on sympathetic nervous system
* Drug (eg Salbutamol) binds to receptor
* Receptor stimulates G-Protein to activate adenyl cyclase
* Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
* cAMP relaxes smooth muscle by:
* Inhibits release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
* Activates Protein Kinase A
* Protein Kinase A inactivates myosin light chain kinase ( thus prevents
actin-myosin interaction)
* Smooth muscle relaxation

32
Q

What is the bronchodilator mechanism at muscarninc receptors?

A
  • Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors
  • Receptor stimulates G-Protein to activate Phospholipase C
  • Phospholipase C stimulates production of Inositol Phosphate (IP3)
  • IP3 binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum and stimulates release of calcium
    (contraction)
  • Phospholipase C also leads to activation of myosin light chain kinase which
    causes contraction
33
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

Enables fight or flight (stress).

34
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

Rest and digest (conserving energy).

35
Q

Where are the nerve fibres of the sympathetic system?

A

In the thoracolumbar area (between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae).

36
Q

Where are the nerve fibres of the parasympathetic system?

A

Above and below sympathetic.
Craniosacral (base of brain and just superior to tailbone).

37
Q

What are ganglia?

A

These are clusters of neuron cell bodies that house millions of synapses.

38
Q

What are preganglionic cells?

A

These are neurons before the ganglion.

39
Q

What are postganglionic cells?

A

These are neurons after the ganglion.

Scientific Basis of CV, Resp, and sleep science (14 decks)

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