The Approaches: The Humanistic Approach - NEW

Question 1

What do humans have an innate need for, according to humanist psychologists?

Answer 1

Self-actualisation

Question 2

What approaches do humanists oppose?

Answer 2

Behaviorist + Psychodynamic

Question 3

What type of experiences do humanists focus on?

Answer 3

Present

Question 4

What type of influences do humanists suggest we can reject?

Answer 4

Internal and external

Question 5

What is an example of an external influence which humanists suggest we can reject?

Answer 5

Environment

Question 6

What is an example of an internal influence which humanists suggest we can reject?

Answer 6

Genetics

Question 7

How is humanism different to other approaches?

Answer 7

It argues that humans do have free will

Question 8

What did Maslow develop?

Answer 8

Hierarchy of needs

Question 9

Name the correct order of Maslow’s hierarchy

Answer 9

Physiological, safety needs, love/belonging needs, esteem needs, self-actualisation

Question 10

What do physiological needs include?

Answer 10

Food, water, sleep, breathing

Question 11

What do safety needs include?

Answer 11

Employment, shelter (having a home), good health

Question 12

What is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy?

Answer 12

Self-actualisation

Question 13

What is meant by the ‘perceived self’?

Answer 13

How we view ourselves now

Question 14

Where does our ‘perceived self’ come from?

Answer 14

Our own experiences and how significant people view us

Question 15

What is meant by the ‘ideal self’?

Answer 15

The person we feel that we should be or the person that we want to be

Question 16

What is meant by congruence?

Answer 16

Where there is a match between your perceived self and your ideal self

Question 17

If congruence occurs, what does this enable?

Answer 17

Personal growth to achieve goals

Question 18

What is a mismatch between the perceived and ideal self known as?

Answer 18

Incongruence

Question 19

Low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness in adulthood may be the result of ____________ in childhood

Answer 19

Conditions of worth

Question 20

What is meant by conditions of worth?

Answer 20

Significant others in our lives place specific conditions on their love which must be met to receive approval

Question 21

What 3 types of people can impose a condition of worth?

Answer 21

Parents, significant others, and ourselves

Question 22

Name the practical application of humanistic theory

Answer 22

Person Centered Therapy

Question 23

What does PCT see the ‘client’ as?

Answer 23

An expert in their own condition

Question 24

What is the aim of PCT?

Answer 24

• Increase feelings of self worth
• Reduce incongruence
• Help to become fully functioning

Question 25

What must the therapist show the client in order for the therapy to be successful?

Answer 25

Unconditional positive regard

Question 26

Give an example of two disorders that PCT is used to treat

Answer 26

Anxiety and depression

Question 27

What does DREAMS stand for?

Answer 27

Determinism v free will Reductionism v holism Evidence Application (practical) Methodology Scientific methods

Question 28

AO3: What 4 ways can we evaluate humanism using DREAMS?

Answer 28

Free will Holism Application (practical) Scientific methods

Question 29

What techniques can be used to reduce levels of incongruence?

Answer 29

Unconditional positive regard Person Centered Therapy

Question 30

Incongruence can lead to ...

Answer 30

Low self worth and poorer psychological health

Question 31

In Humanism when there is a mismatch between actual and ideal self what state are you in?

Answer 31

State of incongruence

Question 32

What does incongruence stem from?

Answer 32

Childhood, when parents or significant others place limits on their love

Question 33

How can you reduce incongruence?

Answer 33

Counselling, where a person can feel unconditional positive regard

Question 34

How does counselling help reduce incongruence?

Answer 34

The therapist creates an environment where the person can feel unconditional positive regard.

Question 35

What can the therapist do whereby the client can feel unconditional positive regard

Answer 35

The therapist must accept the client's feelings and experiences and avoid making judgements. The therapist must be empathetic.

Question 36

How can you use PCT to treat abnormalities such as depression?

Answer 36

By helping the individual to achieve congruence and self-actualise through empathy and unconditional positive regard

Question 37

What culture are many of the concepts of humanism such as self-actualisation and personal growth are associated with?

Answer 37

Western culture

Question 38

How are western cultures associated with self-actualisation and personal growth?

Answer 38

Collectivist cultures such as India emphasise the needs of community and working as a group, meaning they don’t necessarily aim to self-actualise

Question 39

How does Humanism take a positive stance to explain human behaviour?

Answer 39

It is suggested that individuals can choose their behaviour and can neglect external and internal influences

Question 40

How might an individual’s subjective experience shape their behaviour according to humanistic psychology?

Answer 40

Their unique perceptions of the world guide their actions and decisions.

Question 41

A therapist refrains from giving advice, instead allowing the client to explore their own feelings. What approach is the therapist using?

Answer 41

Non-directive, Person-Centred Therapy.

Question 42

Why might someone with unmet physiological needs struggle to focus on higher-level goals like self-actualization?

Answer 42

Because basic survival needs must be met before focusing on personal growth.

Question 43

In what way does Person-Centred Therapy encourage client autonomy/independence?

Answer 43

By allowing the client to discover their own solutions and make choices based on their free will.

Question 44

In therapy, a client feels that they are not meeting their parents' expectations, leading to low self-worth. What can the therapist do to help?

Answer 44

Provide unconditional positive regard and help the client challenge these conditions of worth.

Question 45

How might someone in a collectivist culture view the idea of self-actualization differently from someone in an individualistic culture?

Answer 45

They may prioritize the needs and goals of their community over personal growth and self-fulfillment.

Question 46

Why does the humanistic approach reject the deterministic views of behaviourism?

Answer 46

Because it believes humans are capable of making free choices, rather than being conditioned by external factors.

Question 47

How does humanistic psychology view external influences, such as upbringing or societal expectations?

Answer 47

It suggests that humans have the ability to reject these influences and make choices based on free will.

Question 48

Why is the humanistic approach seen as a more positive view of human behaviour compared to the biological approach?

Answer 48

It emphasizes free will and the potential for personal growth, whereas the biological approach is deterministic and attributes behaviour to genetic or biological factors.

Question 49

A child raised with unconditional love and acceptance is more likely to experience what in adulthood?

Answer 49

Congruence and high self-worth.

Question 50

A person constantly seeks approval from others to feel good about themselves. What psychological concept could explain this behaviour?

Answer 50

Conditions of worth

Question 51

An individual in therapy learns to view their ideal self more realistically, reducing the gap between their perceived self and ideal self. What concept does this represent?

Answer 51

Congruence

Question 52

A teenager feels pressure to follow a specific career path that their parents approve of, even though it’s not what they want. What concept explains this pressure?

Answer 52

Conditions of Worth

Question 53

A student struggling with self-esteem constantly compares themselves to an unrealistic version of who they think they should be. What is this gap called?

Answer 53

Gap between perceived self and ideal self (incongruence).

Question 54

A person who feels stuck in a job but believes they can’t quit because of family pressure is likely experiencing what?

Answer 54

Incongruence

Question 55

If someone feels they must get high grades to be loved by their parents, what concept explains this?

Answer 55

Conditions of worth

Question 56

How can conditions of worth affect self-esteem?

Answer 56

They can lead to incongruence and lower self-esteem if a person feels they must meet specific conditions to be loved or accepted.

Question 57

What happens if a person’s basic needs are not met, according to Maslow?

Answer 57

They cannot move up the hierarchy to achieve higher-level needs like self-actualization.

Question 58

What is the importance of self-actualization in humanistic psychology?

Answer 58

It is the ultimate goal of personal growth and realizing one’s full potential.

Question 59

How does Person-Centred Therapy help individuals with real-world issues like depression?

Answer 59

By helping them achieve congruence and self-actualization through empathy and unconditional positive regard.

Question 60

If a person has high self-esteem and strong relationships, what might be their next goal in Maslow’s hierarchy?

Answer 60

Self-actualization.