Schizophrenia: Token Economies in the management of Schizophrenia (KR)

Question 1

How is token economy used in SZ?

Answer 1

as a management technique

Question 2

What management techniques are used for SZ?

Answer 2

Token Economy

Question 3

Where is token economy used?

Answer 3

institutions such as psychiatric hospitals

Question 4

Which approach does token economy use?

Answer 4

Behaviourist approach

Question 5

Which principles of the behaviourist approach are used to create token economy?

Answer 5

Operant conditioning

Question 6

Why would token economy need to be used with those who have been institutionalised?

Answer 6

they have developed maladaptive behaviour

Question 7

Give an example of maladaptive behaviour a SZ patient may have developed from being institutionalised?

Answer 7

Bad hygiene or lack of communication

Question 8

bad hygiene or lack of communication are examples of what?

Answer 8

maladaptive behaviour

Question 9

What is the aim of token economy?

Answer 9

to change patients behaviour so they are easier to manage

Question 10

Aside from managing behaviour, what is another aim of token economy?

Answer 10

to provide a better quality of life and enable them to live outside the hospital

Question 11

What could operant conditioning use to manage Sz?

Answer 11

Postive reinforcement

Question 12

Outline positive reinforcement?

Answer 12

Doing a behaviour to recieve a positive outcome i.e. reward

Question 13

How do we use positive reinforcement to manage SZ?

Answer 13

give a patient a reward for completing desirable behaviour

Question 14

give examples of desirable behaviour in a hospital?

Answer 14

good hygiene, good communication, taking medication

Question 15

What issues might hospital face when handing out direct reinforment?

Answer 15

They may not catch the behaviour in time so the patient doesn’t associate the behaviour with the reward

Question 16

How could psychologists avoid the issues with using direct reinforcement?

Answer 16

Use tokens as secondary reinforcement that the patient can trade in for a reward

Question 17

Briefly bullet point the steps of token economy

Answer 17

1. complete the behaviour
2. recieve a token
3. exchange the token for reward

Question 18

What do tokens act as?

Answer 18

secondary reinforcers

Question 19

when do tokens have to be given?

Answer 19

immediately after the behaviour has been completed

Question 20

Can tokens just be used by them selves? and if not why?

Answer 20

No, the tokens are not rewarding by themselves

Question 21

Who conducted research to support for token economy?

Answer 21

Dickerson et al (2005)

Question 22

What did dickerson et al use to research token economy?

Answer 22

a meta analysis of 13 studies

Question 23

What was Dickerson et al find in his meta analysis of token economy studies?

Answer 23

that token economy was useful in increasing adaptive behaviour

Question 24

Therefore what does Dickerson et al’s research do to the use of token economy?

Answer 24

increases the credibility of token economy