Biopsychology: Ultradian Rhythms 2024 - 2025 Flashcards
KEY TERM Focus
What is meant by an ultradian rhythm?
A cycle that is less than 24 hours
Key Term Focus
What two things are biological rhythms controlled by?
These are essential key terms
- Endogenous pacemakers
- Exogenous zeitgebers
These are essential key terms
Key Term Focus
What is meant by an endogenous pacemaker?
Internal body clock
Key Term Focus
What is meant by exogenous zeitgebers?
External factors in the environment
Key Term Focus
What is the difference between an endogenous pacemaker and an exogenous zeitgeber?
- Endogenous pacemaker = internal body clock
WHEREAS
- Exogenous zeitgeber = external factor in environment
AO1 Focus
What is an example of an ultradian rhythm?
Stages of sleep
AO1 Focus
What is an example of a cycle that lasts for less than 24 hours?
Stages of sleep
AO1 Focus
A cycle that lasts less than 24 hours is known as…
An ultradian rhythm
AO1 Focus
How many stages of sleep are there?
5
AO1 Focus
What brain scanning technique is used to investigate stages of sleep?
EEG
(Electroencephalograph)
AO1 Focus
What 3 things experience change during the stages of sleep?
- Brain
- Muscles
- Eye activity
AO1 Focus
How long does each stage of sleep last?
90 minutes
AO1 Focus
What type of ‘sleep’ is experienced during Stage 1 and Stage 2 of the sleep cycle?
Light sleep / NREM
AO1 Focus
What type of ‘sleep’ is experienced during Stage 3 and Stage 4 of the sleep cycle?
Deep sleep / NREM
AO1 Focus
Deep sleep is REM sleep - true or false?
False - ‘deep sleep’ (Stage 3 and 4) is still non-REM sleep
AO1 Focus
Which stage of sleep does REM occur?
Stage 5
AO1 Focus
What two things characterise Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep?
This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle
- A person may be easily woken
- They show alpha brain waves
This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle
AO1 Focus
What brain waves are shown during Stage 1 and Stage 2 of sleep?
Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go
Alpha
*Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go - so we start with Alpha
AO1 Focus
What three things characterise ‘deep sleep’?
This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle
- Brain shows delta waves
- Difficult to wake someone
- The body repairs the muscles
This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle
AO1 Focus
In Stage 3 and Stage 4, what brain waves are shown?
Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go
Delta
Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go
AO1 Focus
What 4 things characterise Stage 5 sleep?
- Body is paralysed
- Brain activity resembles awake brain
- Brain shows theta waves
- The brain is repaired (neurochemicals are replenished)
AO1 Focus
In Stage 5 sleep, what type of brain waves are shown?
Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go
Theta
Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go
AO1 Focus
In REM sleep, what type of brain waves are shown?
Theta
AO1 Focus
In NREM sleep, what type of brain waves are shown?
Alpha (Stage 1/2)
Delta (Stage 3/4)
AO1 Focus
What are two exogenous zeitgebers which may affect the consistency of ultradian rythms?
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
- Exercise
- Mental health
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
AO1 Focus
What are two exogenous zeitgebers which may affect the consistency of ultradian rythms?
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
- Exercise
- Mental health
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
AO1 Focus
How can exercise affect the sleep cycle?
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
Those who run ultra-marathons spend longer in Stage 4 sleep - repairing muscle, aiding recovery
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
AO1 Focus
How can mental health affect the sleep cycle?
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
Those with depression have been found to enter Stage 5 (REM) sleep earlier than the average person
This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms
AO1 Focus
In the context of ultradian rhythms, mental health, and exercise are all examples of what?
Exogenous zeitgebers
AO3 Focus
What practical application has been developed from research into stages of sleep?
Medication and relaxation techniques
AO3 Focus
What group of people can benefit from practical applications of sleep stage research?
Older people
AO3 Focus
Why have medication and relaxation techniques been developed for older people
This will form part of your first E in your PEEL
Older people experience less Stage 4 sleep
This will form part of your first E in your PEEL
AO3 Focus
What issues in old age can be prevented by practical applications of sleep stage research?
This will form part of your second E in your PEEL
Reduced alertness
This will form part of your second E in your PEEL
AO3 Focus
Why is the use of EEG’s to study stages of sleep considered scientific?
This will form part of your first E in your PEEL
As they are objective and empirical
This will form part of your first E in your PEEL
AO3 Focus
What are EEG’s used to identify regarding stages of sleep?
This will form part of your second E in your PEEL
Identifying the length of rhythms, and how many times they occur
This will form part of your second E in your PEEL
