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A&P I > The Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What bones does the pectoral girdle include?

A

Scapulae and clavicles

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2
Q

The medial end of each clavicle joins the __________ anteriorly and their distal ends meet each _________ laterally.

A

Sternum; scapula

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3
Q

Of the bones of the pectoral girdle, only the __________ attach to the axial skeleton.

A

Clavicles

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4
Q

The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the ________, forming the _____________ joint.

A

Acromion; acromioclavicular

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5
Q

The scapula has three angles: ________ , ________ , and _______. The _______ angle is an important landmark for studying scapular movements.

A

Superior, lateral, and inferior; inferior

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6
Q

What projects anteriorly from the superior scapular border and helps anchor the bicep muscle?

A

Coracoid process

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7
Q

The ___________ ______ borders the coracoid process medially, while the _________ _______ borders it laterally.

A

Suprascapular notch; glenoid cavity

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8
Q

What large fossae are present on the posterior surface of the scapula?

A

Infraspinous and supraspinous fossa

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9
Q

What shallow concavity is formed by the entire anterior surface of the scapula?

A

The suprascapular fossa.

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10
Q

How many separate bones are found in each upper limb?

A

30

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11
Q

What articulates with the glenoid cavity?

A

The proximal head of the humerus

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12
Q

What is directly inferior to the head of the humerus?

A

The anatomical neck

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13
Q

What two processes are found lateral and inferior to the humerus head?

A

The greater and lesser tubercles

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14
Q

The greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus are divided by the ______ ______.

A

Intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)

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15
Q

The intertubercular sulcus is a point of attachment for the _______ ______ muscles.

A

Rotator cuff

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16
Q

Distal to the tubercles is the most frequently fractured point of the humerus, the __________ ______.

A

Surgical neck

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17
Q

Midway down the humerus shaft, on the lateral side, is an attachment site for the shoulder muscles called the ______ _________.

A

Deltoid tuberosity

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18
Q

What line runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the humerus shaft?

A

The radial groove

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19
Q

What are the two condyles found on the distal end of the humerus and what do they articulate with?

A

The trochlea, which articulates with the ulna, and the capitulum, which articulates with the radius

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20
Q

The trochlea and capitulum are flanked by the _______ and _______ _______.

A

Medial and lateral epicondyles

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21
Q

The coronoid process of the ulna articulates with the ________ of the _________.

A

Trochlea; humerus

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22
Q

Directly above the epicondyles of the distal end of the humerus are the ___________ ridges.

A

Supracondylar

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23
Q

The head of the radius articulates with the __________ of the _________.

A

Capitulum or the humerus

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24
Q

The fossa on the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus, superior to the trochlea, is called the ___________ ______.

A

Coronoid fossa

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25
Q

The fossa on the posterior surface of the distal end of the humerus is called the _________ ______.

A

Olecranon fossa

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26
Q

Lateral to the coronoid fossa, within the capitulum, is the _________ fossa, which receives the head of the ______.

A

Radial; radius

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27
Q

How do the radius and ulna articulate with each other?

A

Proximal and dismally at radioulnar joints and along their entire length by an interosseous membrane

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28
Q

The ulna’s main responsibility is forming the ______ joint with the __________.

A

Elbow; humerus

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29
Q

The proximal end of the ulna includes the _________ and the ________ _______, separated by a deep concavity, the ________ ______.

A

Olecranon; coronoid process; trochlear notch

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30
Q

What two processes grip the trochlea of the humerus to form a hinge joint?

A

The olecranon and the coronoid process

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31
Q

What forms the bony part of the elbow that rests on the table?

A

The posterior olecranon of the ulna

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32
Q

What depression lies on the lateral side of the coronoid process of the ulna? What articulates with it?

A

The radial notch; the radius

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33
Q

What process lies medial to the distal head of the ulna?

A

The styloid process

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34
Q

Medially, the proximal radius head articulates with the _______ _____ of the ______.

A

Radial notch; ulna

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35
Q

Just inferior to the proximal end of the radius is the _______ __________, to which the bicep is anchored.

A

Radial tuberosity

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36
Q

The distal end of the radius includes a medial _______ ______ and a lateral ______ ________, an anchoring site for ligaments to the wrist.

A

Ulnar notch; styloid process

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37
Q

The radius articulates with the wrist the ________ and ______ carpal bones. This articulation occurs between the _______ ______ and the ______ ______.

A

Scaphoid and lunate; styloid process and ulnar notch

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38
Q

How many bones does the true wrist consist of?

A

8 short bones

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39
Q

Name the carpal bones in the proximal row, from lateral to medial:

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

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40
Q

Name the carpal bones in the distal row, from lateral to medial:

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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41
Q

The joint between metacarpal I and the ___________ allows opposition.

A

Trapezium

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42
Q

Each hand contains _____ phalanges.

A

14

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43
Q

The pelvic girdle includes ____ coxal bones, connected to the _______.

A

3; sacrum

44
Q

What is the largest portion of the pelvic girdle and a major attachment point for muscles?

A

Ilium

45
Q

What is the strongest portion of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ischium

46
Q

What is the innermost portion of the pelvic girdle?

A

Pubis

47
Q

The ilium consists of a ______ and a superior winglike portion called the ______.

A

Body; ala

48
Q

The thickened, superior margins of the iliac alae are called:

A

Iliac crests

49
Q

The iliac crests end anteriorly in the blunt _______ _______ _____ ____ and posteriorly in the sharp __________ ______ ______ _____.

A

Anterior superior iliac spine; posterior superior iliac spine

50
Q

What spines are located below the anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spines?

A

The anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines

51
Q

All iliac spines serve what purpose?

A

Attachment points for muscles of the trunk, hip, and thigh

52
Q

Inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine is a deep indentation called the:

A

Greater sciatic notch

53
Q

The gluteal surface of the ilium is crossed by three ridges:

A

Posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines

54
Q

The medial surfaces of the alae exhibit a concavity called the:

A

Iliac fossa

55
Q

Posterior to the iliac fossa is the roughened __________ ________, which articulates with what portion of the vertebral column? What joint does this form?

A

Auricular surface; sacrum; the sacroiliac joint

56
Q

The inferior border of the auricular surface displays the:

A

Posterior inferior iliac spine

57
Q

Directly superior to the auricular surface lies the:

A

Posterior superior iliac spine

58
Q

What line runs inferiorly and anteriorly from the auricular surface and helps define the pelvic rim?

A

Arcuate line.

59
Q

The ischium joins the ilium by a _____ , _______ body and the pubis by a thinner, inferior _____.

A

Thicker, superior; ramus

60
Q

The ischium has three important markings:

A
  1. Ischial spine
  2. Lesser sciatic notch
  3. Ischial tuberosity
61
Q

The ________ ________, the strongest part of the hip bones, bears our weight when we sit.

A

Ischial tuberosity

62
Q

What forms the anterior portion of the hip bone?

A

The pubis

63
Q

The pubis has a flat, medial ______ and superior and inferior _____ that run laterally to join the body and ramus of the _______.

A

Body; rami; ischium

64
Q

What large opening is defined by the pubic rami?

A

The obturator foramen

65
Q

The anterior border of the pubis is thickened to form the ______ ______.

A

Pubic crest

66
Q

The bodies of the pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the _________ _______.

A

Pubic symphysis

67
Q

The _______ ______ is V-shaped in men and U-shaped in women. It is formed by the inferior _______ ______ angling laterally.

A

Pubic arch; pubic rami

68
Q

In women, the pelvis is tilted _________ and the cavity is _____, _______, and has a greater _______.

A

Forward; broad, shallow, capacity

69
Q

Describe the acetabula of a female compared to a male.

A

They are smaller and farther apart

70
Q

How does the sacrum of a female compare to that of a male?

A

It is wider, shorter, and has less curvature

71
Q

What differences would you see in the coccyx of a female compared to a male?

A

It is more mobile and projects inferiorly rather than anteriorly

72
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

The portion superior to the pelvic rim, bound by the alae of the ilia and the lumbar vertebrae

73
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

The region inferior to the pelvic brim, surrounded by bone and containing the pelvic organs

74
Q

What is the central pit in the head of the femur called? What attaches to it?

A

Fovea capitis; a short ligament that helps to the secure the femur in the acetabulum.

75
Q

What two landmarks are located lateral and posteromedial to the junction of the femur neck and shaft and serve as attachment sites for muscles?

A

The greater and lesser trochanter

76
Q

What are the greater and lesser trochanters connected by anteriorly? Posteriorly?

A

Intertrochanteric line; intertrochanteric crest

77
Q

What landmark is found inferior to the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior shaft of the femur?

A

The gluteal tuberosity

78
Q

The gluteal tuberosity blends into the _______ _______ inferiorly, which diverges dismally to form the medial and lateral __________ _______.

A

Linea aspera; supracondylar lines

79
Q

The gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, and supracondylar lines are all sites of _________ __________ along the __________ surface of the femur.

A

Muscle attachment; superior surface

80
Q

The femur broadens and end at the lateral and medial ________, which articulate with the ______.

A

Condyles; tibia

81
Q

Flanking the femur condyles superiorly are the medial and lateral ____________.

A

Epicondyles

82
Q

On the superior part of the femur’s medial epicondyle is the _________ __________.

A

Adductor tubercle

83
Q

On the anterior surface of the distal end of the femur, the smooth area between the condyles is the ______ _______.

A

Patellar surface

84
Q

The area between the condyles on the posterior surface of the distal end of the femur is called the ______________ _______.

A

Intercondylar fossa

85
Q

The patella is a triangular ___________ bone.

A

Sesamoid

86
Q

The inferior edge of the patella bears a surface for attachment of the ___________ ________.

A

Patellar ligament

87
Q

The medial leg bone is the:

A

Tibia

88
Q

The lateral leg bone is the:

A

Fibula

89
Q

The _______ receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.

A

Tibia

90
Q

What bone is second only to the femur in size and strength?

A

The tibia

91
Q

The medial and lateral condyles of the proximal end of the tibia are separated by the:

A

Intercondylar eminence

92
Q

Just inferior to the tibial condyles lies the rough ______ __________, where the patellar ligaments attach.

A

Tibial tuberosity

93
Q

The _________ ________ lies medial to the tibia’s articulation point with the talus bone, forming the palpable inner ankle.

A

Medial malleolus

94
Q

The proximal end of the fibula forms the ________ ________, the bulge on the side of the ankle.

A

Lateral malleolus

95
Q

Name the two largest, most posterior of the tarsals:

A

Talus and calcaneus

96
Q

The __________ carries the talus on its superior surface.

A

Calcaneus

97
Q

The shelflike projection of the calcaneus that supports the talus is called:

A

Sustentaculum tali (Talar shelf)

98
Q

The ________ _________ is the part of the heel bone that touches the ground.

A

Calcaneal tuberosity

99
Q

Which ankle bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?

A

The talus

100
Q

The two tarsals immediately in front of the talus are:

A

The medial navicular and lateral cuboidal

101
Q

Supramedial to the cuboid bone and superior to the navicular bone are the most distal tarsals: the medial, intermediate and lateral ___________.

A

Cuneiforms

102
Q

What tarsal bones articulate with the metatarsals?

A

Cuboid and cuneiform

103
Q

Which foot arch curves from the heel to the head of the first metatarsal, leaving no print?

A

The medial longitudinal arch

104
Q

What tarsal bone is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

The talus

105
Q

Which foot arch redistributes weight to the calcaneus and the head of the fifth metatarsal?

A

Lateral longitudinal arch

106
Q

Which tarsal bone is the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

The cuboid

107
Q

Which foot arch runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other, following the line between the tarsals and metatarsals?

A

The anterior transverse arch

A&P I (14 decks)

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