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A&P I > Chemistry Review > Flashcards

Chemistry Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A

The mass of an object relates to the actual amount of matter in the object and remains constant wherever the object is. Weight varies with gravity.

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2
Q

What is the most useful form of energy for living systems?

A

Chemical energy - it runs almost all biological processes

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3
Q

What does the body use electrical energy for?

A

Nerve impulses, heart contractions

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4
Q

What four elements make up 96% of the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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5
Q

What are the 9 lesser elements of the body?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, and iron

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6
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

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7
Q

How does the orbital model of the atom depict it?

A

As denser shading showing probable regions of greatest electron density surrounding the nucleus

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8
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in an element

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9
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

Mass number - atomic number

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10
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an element

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11
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

An average of the weights of all isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance

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12
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids?

A

Solution

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of a solution?

A

Tiny solute particles that do not scatter light or settle out, exactly the same composition throughout

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14
Q

What is a mole?

A

A mole of any element is equal to its atomic weight; a mole of a compound is equal to the combined atomic weights of its constituents

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15
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

1 mole of any substance always contains 6.02 x 10^23 number of solute particles

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16
Q

How would you create a 1.0 M solution of glucose?

A

Add up the atomic weights of its constituents and set that equal to 1 mole. Subtract that number from 1000ml and add an equivalent amount of water to 1 mole of glucose.

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17
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light but do not settle out?

A

Colloid

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18
Q

What type of mixture can undergo a reversible sol-gel transformation?

A

Colloid

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19
Q

What is another word for a colloid?

A

Emulsion

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20
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture with very large solute particles that settle out and may scatter light?

A

Suspension

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21
Q

Is blood a solution, colloid, or suspension?

A

Suspension

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22
Q

Is cytosol a solution, colloid, or suspension?

A

Colloid

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23
Q

What are some differences between a mixture and a compound?

A

No chemical bonding occurs between components of a mixture. Mixtures can be separated by physical means, but compounds can only be separated by chemical means.

24
Q

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant losing the electron is the _____ and is ________.

A

Donor; oxidized

25
Q

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant gaining the electron is the ______ and is said to be ________.

A

Acceptor; reduced

26
Q

A substance is __________ either by losing hydrogen atoms or by combining with _________.

A

Oxidized; oxygen

27
Q

Not all redox reactions involve the __________ transfer of electrons. Some just change the pattern of electron sharing in _______ ______.

A

complete; covalent bonds

28
Q

What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

A

An electron is completely transferred from one component to another in an ionic bond. In a covalent bond, at least one pair of electrons is shared among the two components.

29
Q

What kind of reaction releases energy and has products that are less energetic than the initial reactants? What are some examples of this type of reaction?

A

Exergonic reactions; catabolic reactions and oxidative-reduction reactions

30
Q

What type of reaction contains more potential energy in its products than the initial reactants did? What are is an example?

A

Endergonic; anabolic reactions, dehydration synthesis

31
Q

What percentage of living cells is made up of water?

A

60 to 80%

32
Q

How does water help with homeostasis?

A

It has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization, making it able to help regulate body temperature by redistributing heat among body tissues and via sweating.

33
Q

What property of water allows it to form biological colloids?

A

Its ability to form hydration layers around large molecules, such as proteins, to prevent them from settling out of the solution

34
Q

What are groups of atoms that bear an overall charge called?

A

Polyatomic ions

35
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that conduct electricity in solution

36
Q

What are electrolytes essential for in the body?

A

Conducting nerve impulses, muscle contractility, and assisting with chemical reactions

37
Q

What is the equation for calculating pH?

A

pH = -log[H+]

38
Q

What is a buffer system? What compound acts as a buffer in blood?

A

A buffer is a combination of a weak acid and a weak base that helps prevent big changes in pH by taking up H+ if pH is dropping and donating H+ if pH is rising. The bicarbonate buffer system does this in blood.

39
Q

What is the normal pH range for blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

40
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Water is added to a compound to break it down

Sucrose + H2O -> Glucose and Fructose

41
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrogen is lost from one reactant and a hydroxyl ion is lost from the other so that they may join. Water is released.

42
Q

What is the general chemical formula of a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)n

43
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose

44
Q

What is lactose composed of?

A

Glucose and galactose

45
Q

What is sucrose composed of?

A

Glucose and fructose

46
Q

What is maltose composed of?

A

Two glucose molecules

47
Q

What lipid molecules play a role in various body processes including blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, and labor contractions?

A

Prostaglandins

48
Q

What molecules do NSAIDs block the action of?

A

Prostaglandins

49
Q

How is an alpha helix formed?

A

Via hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups in amino acids in the same primary chain, about 4 amino acids apart

50
Q

What chemical bonds are important in the formation of tertiary protein structure?

A

The protein folds so that the hydrophobic R groups move to the inside and hydrophilic R groups move to the outside. These hydrophobic interactions are reinforced by covalent and hydrogen bonding.

51
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Fibrous and globular

52
Q

Which protein type is known as a structural protein? What is an example?

A

Fibrous proteins; collagen

53
Q

What type of proteins are considered the functional proteins? What are some examples?

A

Globular proteins; antibodies, enzymes, protein-based hormones

54
Q

What does the holoenzyme consist of?

A

Apoenzyme (the protein portion) and a cofactor

55
Q

What are typical cofactors?

A

Ions of a metal element such as copper or iron; vitamins, especially B vitamins

56
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

An organic cofactor, such as a B vitamin

57
Q

What is the substance that an enzyme acts on called?

A

Substrate

A&P I (14 decks)

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