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A&P I > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial.

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

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2
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

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3
Q

What is another name for stratum basale?

A

Stratum germinativum

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4
Q

Which epidermal layer contains thick intermediate filaments that resist tension in the cell and are anchored to desmosomes?

A

Stratum spinosum

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5
Q

Which layer are dendritic cells most abundant in?

A

Stratum spinosum

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6
Q

Which epidermal layer consists of 5 cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically?

A

Stratum granulosum

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7
Q

In which epidermal layer does keratinization begin?

A

Stratum granulosum

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8
Q

What two granules begin to accumulate as keratinization of the epidermal cells begins?

A

Keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules

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9
Q

What are lamellar granules?

A

Granules that begin to accumulate in the stratum granulosum and contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space, slowing water loss.

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10
Q

Which epidermal layer is the uppermost layer that can still receive nutrients?

A

Stratum granulosum

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11
Q

What molecule makes the stratum corneum nearly waterproof?

A

Glycolipids between cells

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12
Q

Which layer of the dermis consists of areolar connective tissue and many small blood vessels?

A

Papillary dermis

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13
Q

What are found in the dermal papillae?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, capillary loops, nerve endings

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14
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Touch receptors (of light touch) located in the dermal papillae

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15
Q

Which dermal layer accounts for 80% of the dermis? What kind of tissue is it made of?

A

The reticular dermis, made of dense irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

What lies between the reticular dermis and the subcutaneous layer? What is its purpose?

A

The dermal vascular plexus; a network of blood vessels that nourish the reticular dermis

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17
Q

Which epidermal layer is the thickest layer of LIVING cells? How many layers does it usually have?

A

Stratum spinosum; 8 to 10 layers

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18
Q

What are the dead cells of the stratum corneum called?

A

Corneocytes or squames

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19
Q

What does the reticular dermis consist of?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

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20
Q

What corpuscles are responsible for sensing deep pressure?

A

Pacinian

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21
Q

What are the dermal papillae of thick skin responsible for?

A

Friction ridges (fingerprints)

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22
Q

What are cleavage lines and what is their significance in medicine?

A

They represent the natural orientation of the underlying collagen fibers; tend to run longitudinally in the skin of the limbs and in circular patterns around the neck and trunk. Surgeons attempt to make incisions parallel to these lines.

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23
Q

What are flexure lines?

A

Dermal folds that occur at or near joints, such as lines in the palm.

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24
Q

What two sensory receptors are responsible for light touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles and root hair plexuses

25
Q

What sensory receptors are responsible for heavy touch?

A

Pacinian corpuscles, merkel cells, Ruffini endings

26
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsible for sensing skin stretch?

A

Ruffini endings

27
Q

Which sensory receptors are responsible for sensing pain, temperature, and itch?

A

Free nerve endings

28
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Protection, reduction of heat loss, sensing light touch

29
Q

What is hair made of?

A

Keratinized epidermal cells

30
Q

What are the three concentric layers of keratinized cells found in a hair, from innermost to outermost?

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

31
Q

What is lanugo?

A

Fine, non-pigmented downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus

32
Q

What are vellus hairs?

A

Short, fine, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye

33
Q

What are terminal hairs?

A

Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs

34
Q

What are the sensory nerve endings that wrap around each hair bulb called?

A

Hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus

35
Q

The wall of a hair follicle has a dermal and an epidermal component. What are the three layers called?

A

The fibrous sheath, glassy membrane, and epithelial root sheath

36
Q

What is the hair matrix?

A

Responsible for hair growth, a layer of dividing cells in the bulb of the follicle that lie adjacent to the hair papilla

37
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

The nail cuticle

38
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

The thickened, proximal portion of the nail bed, responsible for growth

39
Q

What is the hyponychium?

A

The region beneath the free edge of the nail where debris often accumulates; secures the free edge of the nail plate at the tip of the finger/toe

40
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

41
Q

Where are eccrine glands abundant?

A

Forehead, palms, soles of feet

42
Q

What is sweat composed of?

A

99% water, some salts, traces of metabolic wastes such as urea, urinary acid, and ammonia, and dermcidin, an antimicrobial peptide

43
Q

What is the typical pH of sweat?

A

4-6

44
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Axillary and anogenital areas

45
Q

Where are apocrine glands found in the skin layer as compared to eccrine glands?

A

They are found deeper in the dermis, sometimes extending to the subcutaneous tissue. Their ducts empty into hair follicles.

46
Q

What do the secretions of apocrine glands contain?

A

Sweat plus proteins and fatty substances

47
Q

What are two important modified apocrine glands?

A

Mammary glands and ceruminous glands

48
Q

Which epidermal exocrine gland is a holocrine gland?

A

Sebaceous gland

49
Q

The action of what muscle forces sebum out of sebaceous glands?

A

Arrector pili muscle

50
Q

What are the functions of sebum from sebaceous glands?

A

Softens and lubricates hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle, slows water loss, bactericidal

51
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

Everywhere except palms and soles

52
Q

What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and sebaceous follicle?

A

A sebaceous gland accompanies a hair follicle while a sebaceous follicle stands alone

53
Q

Where does carotene accumulate in the skin?

A

Stratum corneum

54
Q

What is damaged in a first degree burn?

A

Only the epidermis

55
Q

What is damaged in a 2nd degree burn?

A

The epidermis and upper dermis

56
Q

What is the visible difference between a first and second degree burn?

A

Blisters appear with a second degree burn

57
Q

What is damaged in a third degree burn?

A

The entire thickness of the skin

58
Q

What would make a 2nd degree burn critical?

A

If more than 25% of the body is affected

59
Q

When is a 3rd degree burn critical?

A

When over 10% of the body is affected

A&P I (14 decks)

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