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A&P I > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints joined by collagen fibers are termed:

A

Fibrous joints

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2
Q

Fibrous synarthrotic joints with very short fibers are called:

A

Sutures

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3
Q

Fibrous amphiarthrotic joints with longer fibers are called:

A

Syndesmoses

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4
Q

Fibrous, synarthrotic joints of the teeth are called:

A

Gomphosis

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5
Q

Joints joined by cartilage are called:

A

Cartilaginous joints

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6
Q

The two types of cartilaginous joints are:

A

Synchondroses and symphyses

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7
Q

Joints joined by fluid-filled membranous capsules are called:

A

Synovial joints

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8
Q

Structural classifications of joints are based on:

A

How the bones are joined

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9
Q

Functional classifications of joints depend on:

A

The degree of movement

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10
Q

The three functional classifications of joints are:

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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11
Q

What are some examples of synchondrosis? What type of cartilage is present in these joints?

A

Epiphyseal plates, joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum; hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

What are some examples of symphyses? What kind of cartilage is found in them?

A

The mandibular and pubic symphyses, intervertebral discs, knee meniscus; fibrocartilage

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13
Q

What are some examples of syndesmoses?

A

The interosseous membranes between the radius/ulna and the tibia/fibula

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14
Q

The only example of a gomphoses in the human body is:

A

The periodontal ligament holding the tooth in its alveolar pocket

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15
Q

Bones in syndesmoses are bound exclusively by _________.

A

Ligaments

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16
Q

Which joints are diarthrotic? What does this mean?

A

Synovial joints; freely movable

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17
Q

In synovial joints, ________ _______ covers the bone surfaces.

A

Articular cartilage

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18
Q

Synovial joints have a _________ _________ that contains _________ fluid.

A

Joint cavity; synovial

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19
Q

Synovial fluid has two functions:

A
  1. Reduces friction between articular cartilages
  2. Nourishes chondrocytes
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20
Q

The ________ _______ encloses the joint cavity of synovial joints.

A

Articular capsule

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21
Q

The articular capsule has two layers: a ______ ________ that prevents the bones from pulling apart and a _______ ________ that produces synovial fluid.

A

Fibrous capsule; synovial membrane

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22
Q

The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is composed of what kind of tissue? It is continuous with what membrane?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones

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23
Q

The synovial membrane is composed of what kind of tissue? What surfaces of the joint does it cover?

A

Loose connective tissue; covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

What is weeping lubrication?

A

Synovial fluid is forced from the articular cartilages when the joint is compressed and seeps back into the articular cartilage when the pressure is relieved.

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25
Q

What molecule does synovial fluid contain that is responsible for its viscosity?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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26
Q

What is the synovial fluid largely derived from?

A

Filtration from blood flowing through the capillaries of the synovial membrane

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27
Q

Synovial joints have _______ _______, which strengthen and add stability to the joints.

A

Reinforcing ligaments

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28
Q

What feature of synovial joints revolves around monitoring joint position and stretch and supplying the synovial membrane with blood filtrate?

A

Nerves and blood vessels

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29
Q

What are discs or wedges of fibrocartilage that separate the articulating surfaces of some synovial joints, such as the knees and jaw?

A

Menisci (articular discs)

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30
Q

What, found in some synovial joints such as the knees and hips, provide cushion between the fibrous layer and the synovial membrane?

A

Fatty pads

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31
Q

What are bursae?

A

Flattened, fibrous sacs that significantly reduce friction between joint structures

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32
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

Cylinders of connective tissue that wrap around a tendon to reduce friction

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33
Q

Which joints are the weakest part of the skeleton?

A

Synovial

34
Q

What is the most important stabilizing factor for most joints?

A

Muscle tone

35
Q

A muscle’s _______ is attached to the less movable bone while its _________ is attached to a movable bone.

A

Origin; insertion

36
Q

Movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and their _______ moves toward their _______.

A

Insertion; origin

37
Q

What movement type involves sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other? What kind of synovial joints are typically involved in this movement?

A

Nonaxial movement (gliding only); plane joints

38
Q

What are some examples of plane joints?

A

Intercarpal, intertarsal, and intervertebral joints

39
Q

What kind of movement involves only one plane/axis? What types of synovial joints are typically involved with this movement?

A

Uniaxial; hinge and pivot joints

40
Q

What type of movement involves movement along two axes or planes? What synovial joints are typically involved with this type of movement?

A

Biaxial movement; condylar and saddle joints

41
Q

What type of movement involves movement in or around all three planes of space and axes? What type of synovial joints are typically involved?

A

Multi-axial movement; ball-and-socket joints

42
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

Elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

43
Q

What are some examples of pivot joints?

A

Proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints

44
Q

What are some examples of condylar joints?

A

Metacarpophalangeal and radiocarpal joints

45
Q

What joint type involves an oval, convex surface on one bone that fits into a similarly shaped depression on the other? What kind of movement does this allow?

A

Condylar; biaxial movement

46
Q

What type of joint involves flat, articular surfaces of bones that slide over each other? What type of movement does this allow?

A

Plane joint; gliding movement

47
Q

What type of joint involves one bone with a convex surface that fits into a concave depression on the other? What type of movement does this allow?

A

Hinge joint; uniaxial movement (flexion and extension)

48
Q

What kind of joint involves one bone that has a projection that fits a ring-like ligament of the other bone? What type of movement does this allow?

A

Pivot joint; uniaxial movement (rotation)

49
Q

What type of joint involves articular surfaces that are concave in one direction and convex in the other, allowing biaxial opposition movement?

A

Saddle joint

50
Q

What type of joint involves a smooth, hemispherical head of one bone that fits within a cup-like depression on the other? What kind of movement does this allow?

A

Ball-and-socket joint; multiaxial movement

51
Q

_______ decreases the angle between two bones in the sagittal plane.

A

Flexion

52
Q

_________ increases the angle between two bones in the sagittal plane.

A

Extension

53
Q

_______ is moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane.

A

Abduction

54
Q

__________ is moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane.

A

Adduction

55
Q

_____________ is moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space but the proximal end remains stationary.

A

Circumduction

56
Q

The movements of the radius over the ulna are called:

A

Pronation and supination

57
Q

In ___________, the radius rotates over the ulna.

A

Pronation

58
Q

In ___________, the radius and ulna are parallel.

A

Supination

59
Q

_________ and ________ _______ involve angular movements of the foot in a superior or inferior direction.

A

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

60
Q

_________ and ________ involve medial and lateral movements of the foot.

A

Inversion and eversion

61
Q

___________ and ____________ are anterior/posterior movements in a transverse plane (can be accomplished by the mandible and the shoulder)

A

Protraction and retraction

62
Q

________ and _______ are movements in a superior or inferior direction (as by the mandible or shoulder).

A

Elevation and depression

63
Q

The temporomandibular joint is a _________ _______ joint.

A

Modified hinge

64
Q

What divides the synovial cavity of the temporomandibular joint into inferior and superior compartments?

A

An articular disc (menisci)

65
Q

What allows the familiar hinge-like movement of depressing and elevating the mandible during chewing?

A

The inferior articular disc surface that receives the condylar process of the mandible in the temporomandibular joint

66
Q

What is a movement type allowed by the temporomandibular joint that is unique to mammals?

A

Lateral excursion (gliding from side to side)

67
Q

What is the rim of fibrocartilage that slightly deepens the glenoid cavity called?

A

The glenoid labrum

68
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A

The shoulder joint

69
Q

Which is the most freely moving joint in the body?

A

The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

70
Q

What are the two reinforcing ligaments of the shoulder joint called?

A

Coracohumeral ligament and glenohumeral ligament

71
Q

What is the super stabilizer of the shoulder joint?

A

The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.

72
Q

What contributes most to the stability of the shoulder joint?

A

Muscle tendons

73
Q

What is made up of four tendons and their associated muscles, encircles the shoulder joint, and blends with the articular capsule of the shoulder?

A

The rotator cuff

74
Q

How many bursae are associated with the knee joint?

A

At least a dozen.

75
Q

Intracapsular ligaments of the knee are called ________ _______ because they ______ ______ _______.

A

Cruciate ligaments; cross each other

76
Q

The _________ ________ ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension of the knee.

A

Anterior cruciate

77
Q

The ________ ________ ligament prevents backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur.

A

Posterior cruciate

78
Q

The tibiofemoral joint acts primarily as a ______ joint but is structurally a ________ joint.

A

Hinge; bicondylar

79
Q

The knee consists of three joints in one: the _________ joint and the lateral and medial _________ joints.

A

Femoropatellar; tibiofemoral

80
Q

What is the flat, intracapsular band that runs from the femur head to the lower lip of the acetabulum?

A

Ligament of the head of the femur (Ligamentum teres)

81
Q

The depth of the acetabulum is enhanced by a circular rim of fibrocartilage called the _________ ________.

A

Acetabular labrum

82
Q

What forms the hinge joint of the elbow?

A

The close gripping of the humerus’s trochlea by the ulna’s trochlear notch

A&P I (14 decks)

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