Joints Flashcards
Joints joined by collagen fibers are termed:
Fibrous joints
Fibrous synarthrotic joints with very short fibers are called:
Sutures
Fibrous amphiarthrotic joints with longer fibers are called:
Syndesmoses
Fibrous, synarthrotic joints of the teeth are called:
Gomphosis
Joints joined by cartilage are called:
Cartilaginous joints
The two types of cartilaginous joints are:
Synchondroses and symphyses
Joints joined by fluid-filled membranous capsules are called:
Synovial joints
Structural classifications of joints are based on:
How the bones are joined
Functional classifications of joints depend on:
The degree of movement
The three functional classifications of joints are:
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
What are some examples of synchondrosis? What type of cartilage is present in these joints?
Epiphyseal plates, joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum; hyaline cartilage
What are some examples of symphyses? What kind of cartilage is found in them?
The mandibular and pubic symphyses, intervertebral discs, knee meniscus; fibrocartilage
What are some examples of syndesmoses?
The interosseous membranes between the radius/ulna and the tibia/fibula
The only example of a gomphoses in the human body is:
The periodontal ligament holding the tooth in its alveolar pocket
Bones in syndesmoses are bound exclusively by _________.
Ligaments
Which joints are diarthrotic? What does this mean?
Synovial joints; freely movable
In synovial joints, ________ _______ covers the bone surfaces.
Articular cartilage
Synovial joints have a _________ _________ that contains _________ fluid.
Joint cavity; synovial
Synovial fluid has two functions:
- Reduces friction between articular cartilages
- Nourishes chondrocytes
The ________ _______ encloses the joint cavity of synovial joints.
Articular capsule
The articular capsule has two layers: a ______ ________ that prevents the bones from pulling apart and a _______ ________ that produces synovial fluid.
Fibrous capsule; synovial membrane
The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is composed of what kind of tissue? It is continuous with what membrane?
Dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones
The synovial membrane is composed of what kind of tissue? What surfaces of the joint does it cover?
Loose connective tissue; covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage
What is weeping lubrication?
Synovial fluid is forced from the articular cartilages when the joint is compressed and seeps back into the articular cartilage when the pressure is relieved.
What molecule does synovial fluid contain that is responsible for its viscosity?
Hyaluronic acid
What is the synovial fluid largely derived from?
Filtration from blood flowing through the capillaries of the synovial membrane
Synovial joints have _______ _______, which strengthen and add stability to the joints.
Reinforcing ligaments
What feature of synovial joints revolves around monitoring joint position and stretch and supplying the synovial membrane with blood filtrate?
Nerves and blood vessels
What are discs or wedges of fibrocartilage that separate the articulating surfaces of some synovial joints, such as the knees and jaw?
Menisci (articular discs)
What, found in some synovial joints such as the knees and hips, provide cushion between the fibrous layer and the synovial membrane?
Fatty pads
What are bursae?
Flattened, fibrous sacs that significantly reduce friction between joint structures
What are tendon sheaths?
Cylinders of connective tissue that wrap around a tendon to reduce friction
Which joints are the weakest part of the skeleton?
Synovial
What is the most important stabilizing factor for most joints?
Muscle tone
A muscle’s _______ is attached to the less movable bone while its _________ is attached to a movable bone.
Origin; insertion
Movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and their _______ moves toward their _______.
Insertion; origin
What movement type involves sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other? What kind of synovial joints are typically involved in this movement?
Nonaxial movement (gliding only); plane joints
What are some examples of plane joints?
Intercarpal, intertarsal, and intervertebral joints
What kind of movement involves only one plane/axis? What types of synovial joints are typically involved with this movement?
Uniaxial; hinge and pivot joints
What type of movement involves movement along two axes or planes? What synovial joints are typically involved with this type of movement?
Biaxial movement; condylar and saddle joints
What type of movement involves movement in or around all three planes of space and axes? What type of synovial joints are typically involved?
Multi-axial movement; ball-and-socket joints
What are some examples of hinge joints?
Elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints
What are some examples of pivot joints?
Proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints
What are some examples of condylar joints?
Metacarpophalangeal and radiocarpal joints
What joint type involves an oval, convex surface on one bone that fits into a similarly shaped depression on the other? What kind of movement does this allow?
Condylar; biaxial movement
What type of joint involves flat, articular surfaces of bones that slide over each other? What type of movement does this allow?
Plane joint; gliding movement
What type of joint involves one bone with a convex surface that fits into a concave depression on the other? What type of movement does this allow?
Hinge joint; uniaxial movement (flexion and extension)
What kind of joint involves one bone that has a projection that fits a ring-like ligament of the other bone? What type of movement does this allow?
Pivot joint; uniaxial movement (rotation)
What type of joint involves articular surfaces that are concave in one direction and convex in the other, allowing biaxial opposition movement?
Saddle joint
What type of joint involves a smooth, hemispherical head of one bone that fits within a cup-like depression on the other? What kind of movement does this allow?
Ball-and-socket joint; multiaxial movement
_______ decreases the angle between two bones in the sagittal plane.
Flexion
_________ increases the angle between two bones in the sagittal plane.
Extension
_______ is moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane.
Abduction
__________ is moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane.
Adduction
_____________ is moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space but the proximal end remains stationary.
Circumduction
The movements of the radius over the ulna are called:
Pronation and supination
In ___________, the radius rotates over the ulna.
Pronation
In ___________, the radius and ulna are parallel.
Supination
_________ and ________ _______ involve angular movements of the foot in a superior or inferior direction.
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
_________ and ________ involve medial and lateral movements of the foot.
Inversion and eversion
___________ and ____________ are anterior/posterior movements in a transverse plane (can be accomplished by the mandible and the shoulder)
Protraction and retraction
________ and _______ are movements in a superior or inferior direction (as by the mandible or shoulder).
Elevation and depression
The temporomandibular joint is a _________ _______ joint.
Modified hinge
What divides the synovial cavity of the temporomandibular joint into inferior and superior compartments?
An articular disc (menisci)
What allows the familiar hinge-like movement of depressing and elevating the mandible during chewing?
The inferior articular disc surface that receives the condylar process of the mandible in the temporomandibular joint
What is a movement type allowed by the temporomandibular joint that is unique to mammals?
Lateral excursion (gliding from side to side)
What is the rim of fibrocartilage that slightly deepens the glenoid cavity called?
The glenoid labrum
What is the glenohumeral joint?
The shoulder joint
Which is the most freely moving joint in the body?
The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
What are the two reinforcing ligaments of the shoulder joint called?
Coracohumeral ligament and glenohumeral ligament
What is the super stabilizer of the shoulder joint?
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.
What contributes most to the stability of the shoulder joint?
Muscle tendons
What is made up of four tendons and their associated muscles, encircles the shoulder joint, and blends with the articular capsule of the shoulder?
The rotator cuff
How many bursae are associated with the knee joint?
At least a dozen.
Intracapsular ligaments of the knee are called ________ _______ because they ______ ______ _______.
Cruciate ligaments; cross each other
The _________ ________ ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension of the knee.
Anterior cruciate
The ________ ________ ligament prevents backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur.
Posterior cruciate
The tibiofemoral joint acts primarily as a ______ joint but is structurally a ________ joint.
Hinge; bicondylar
The knee consists of three joints in one: the _________ joint and the lateral and medial _________ joints.
Femoropatellar; tibiofemoral
What is the flat, intracapsular band that runs from the femur head to the lower lip of the acetabulum?
Ligament of the head of the femur (Ligamentum teres)
The depth of the acetabulum is enhanced by a circular rim of fibrocartilage called the _________ ________.
Acetabular labrum
What forms the hinge joint of the elbow?
The close gripping of the humerus’s trochlea by the ulna’s trochlear notch
