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BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio > The Animal Body: Four Tissue Types > Flashcards

The Animal Body: Four Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues

A

collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions

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2
Q

what is histology the study of

A

tissues

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3
Q

what are the four types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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4
Q

epithelial

A

covers/lining the inside and outside

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5
Q

connective

A

connect

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6
Q

muscle

A

contract

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7
Q

neural

A

communicates

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8
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces
lines cavities
line tubular structures
serves essential functions

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9
Q

functions of epithelial tissues

A

provide physical protection
control permeability(ability to let things go through or not)
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions(glandular epithelium)
-exocrine glands
-endocrine glands

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10
Q

classifications of epithelial tissues

A

combines a cell shape with the number of layers of cells

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11
Q

classification is based on layers

A

simple epithelium

stratified epithelium

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12
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells

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13
Q

stratified epithelium

A

several layers of cells

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14
Q

classification is based on shape

A

squamous epithelia, cuboidal epithelia,

columnar epithelia

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15
Q

squamous epithelia

A

thin and flat

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16
Q

cuboidal epithelia

A

square shaped

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17
Q

columnar epithelia

A

tall, slender rectangles

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18
Q

epithelia are replaced by mitosis

A

cell division of stem cells or germinative cells

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19
Q

what are stem cells

A

they are unspecialized cells that can give rise to types of functional cells

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20
Q

types of stem cells

A

unipotent, oligopotent, multipotent, totipotent

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21
Q

unipotent

A

one kind

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22
Q

oligopotent

A

few kind

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23
Q

multipotent

A

many kind

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24
Q

totipotent

A

any type/totally

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25
endocrine glands(inside)
release hormones - into interstitial fluids and plasma - no ducts
26
exocrine glands(outside)
produce secretions - onto epithelial surfaces - through ducts
27
what is a connective tissue
it provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types
28
what are the three basic components of connective tissues
specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fiber, fluid extracellular ground substance
29
characteristics of connective tissue
the extracellular components of connective tissues(fibers and ground substance) make up the matrix - majority of tissue volume - determines specialized function
30
functions of connective tissue
support and protections transportation of materials storage of energy reserves defense of the body
31
three major types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper fluid connective tissues supporting connective tissues
32
cells of connective tissue proper
fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells(adipocytes)
33
fibroblasts
most abundant cells in connective tissue proper | produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance
34
macrophages
scattered throughout the matrix phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue release chemicals that mobilize the immune system
35
what are the three basic types of connective tissue fibers
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
36
what is a collagen fibers
long, straight, unbranched strong, but flexible most common
37
what is a elastic fibers
branched and wavy after stretching, they will return to their original length contain the protein elastin
38
what is a reticular fibers
made of same protein subunits as collagen fibers, but arranged differently thinner than collagen fibers forming branching, interwoven frameworks in various organs least common
39
ground substance
clear, colorless, viscous | fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement
40
types of connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue
41
loose connective tissue
"packing materials" of the body more ground substance, fewer fibers example: fat(adipose tissue)
42
dense connective tissue
tough, strong, and durable more fibers, less ground substance example: tendons
43
fluid connective tissues
blood and lymph
44
blood and lymph
``` watery matrix of dissolved proteins carry specific cell types(formed elements) -formes elements of blood ---red blood cells ---white blood cells ---platelets ```
45
supporting connective tissues
cartilage and bone
46
cartilage
gel-type ground substance | for shock absorption and protection
47
bone
calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) | for weight support
48
chondrocytes(cartilage cells)
surrounded by lacunae(chambers)
49
avascular
chondrocytes in lacunae
50
perichondrium
outer, fibrous layer(for strength) | inner, cellular layer(for growth and maintenance)
51
three major types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
52
hyaline cartilage
stiff, flexible support reduces friction between bones found insynovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
53
elastic cartilage
supportive but bends easily | found in external ear and epiglottis
54
fibrocartilage
limits movement prevent bone-to-bone contact pads knee joints found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs
55
bone also called osseous tissue
``` strong(hard calcium compounds) resistes shattering(flexible collagen fibers) ```
56
bone cells or osteocytes
arranged around central canals within matrix found inside lacunae as with cartilage small channels through matrix(canaliculi) access blood supply
57
tissue membranes
are physical barriers | line or cover portions of the body
58
what do tissue membrane consist of
an epithelial layer | supporting connective tissues
59
four types of tissue membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes
60
mucous membranes
are cotes with secretions of mucous glands. these membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
61
serous membranes
line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities)
62
cutaneous membrane or skin
covers the outer surface of the body
63
synovial membranes
line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint
64
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle tissue
65
skeletal muscle tissue
large body muscles responsible for movement
66
cardiac muscle tissue
found only in the heart
67
smooth muscle tissue
found in walls of blood vessels found around hollow organs such as the urinary bladder around the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
68
functions of muscle tissue
specialized for contraction | produces all body movement
69
neural tissue also called nervous or nerve tissue
specialized for conducting electrical impulses rapidly senses internal or external environment processes information and control responses
70
neural tissue concentrated in the central nervous system
brain | spinal cord
71
two kinds of neural cells
nerons and neuroglia
72
what is a neurons
nerve cells | perform electrical communication
73
what is neuroglia
supporting cells | repair and supple nutrients to neurons
74
what are the cell parts of a neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon(nerve fiber)
75
cell body
contains the nucleus and nucleolus
76
dendrites
short branches extending from the cell body | receive incoming signals
77
axon(nerve fiber)
long, thin extension of the cell body | carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination
78
tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis
cells restore homeostasis with two processes 1. inflammation 2. regeneration
79
inflammatory response
the tissue's first response to injury
80
signs and symptoms of inflammation includes:
swelling heat redness pain
81
inflammatory response can be triggered by:
trauma(physical injury) | infection(the presence of harmful pathogens)
82
aging tissue with age
rate of tissue repair declines | cancer rates increase
83
speed and efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age due to:
slower rate of energy consumption(metabolism)

BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio (8 decks)

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