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BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio > The Animal Body: Four Tissue Types > Flashcards

The Animal Body: Four Tissue Types Flashcards

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1
Q

what are tissues

A

collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions

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2
Q

what is histology the study of

A

tissues

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3
Q

what are the four types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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4
Q

epithelial

A

covers/lining the inside and outside

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5
Q

connective

A

connect

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6
Q

muscle

A

contract

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7
Q

neural

A

communicates

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8
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces
lines cavities
line tubular structures
serves essential functions

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9
Q

functions of epithelial tissues

A

provide physical protection
control permeability(ability to let things go through or not)
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions(glandular epithelium)
-exocrine glands
-endocrine glands

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10
Q

classifications of epithelial tissues

A

combines a cell shape with the number of layers of cells

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11
Q

classification is based on layers

A

simple epithelium

stratified epithelium

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12
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells

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13
Q

stratified epithelium

A

several layers of cells

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14
Q

classification is based on shape

A

squamous epithelia, cuboidal epithelia,

columnar epithelia

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15
Q

squamous epithelia

A

thin and flat

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16
Q

cuboidal epithelia

A

square shaped

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17
Q

columnar epithelia

A

tall, slender rectangles

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18
Q

epithelia are replaced by mitosis

A

cell division of stem cells or germinative cells

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19
Q

what are stem cells

A

they are unspecialized cells that can give rise to types of functional cells

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20
Q

types of stem cells

A

unipotent, oligopotent, multipotent, totipotent

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21
Q

unipotent

A

one kind

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22
Q

oligopotent

A

few kind

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23
Q

multipotent

A

many kind

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24
Q

totipotent

A

any type/totally

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25
Q

endocrine glands(inside)

A

release hormones

  • into interstitial fluids and plasma
  • no ducts
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26
Q

exocrine glands(outside)

A

produce secretions

  • onto epithelial surfaces
  • through ducts
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27
Q

what is a connective tissue

A

it provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types

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28
Q

what are the three basic components of connective tissues

A

specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fiber, fluid extracellular ground substance

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29
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

the extracellular components of connective tissues(fibers and ground substance) make up the matrix

  • majority of tissue volume
  • determines specialized function
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30
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

support and protections
transportation of materials
storage of energy reserves
defense of the body

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31
Q

three major types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
fluid connective tissues
supporting connective tissues

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32
Q

cells of connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells(adipocytes)

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33
Q

fibroblasts

A

most abundant cells in connective tissue proper

produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance

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34
Q

macrophages

A

scattered throughout the matrix
phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue
release chemicals that mobilize the immune system

35
Q

what are the three basic types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

36
Q

what is a collagen fibers

A

long, straight, unbranched
strong, but flexible
most common

37
Q

what is a elastic fibers

A

branched and wavy
after stretching, they will return to their original length
contain the protein elastin

38
Q

what is a reticular fibers

A

made of same protein subunits as collagen fibers, but arranged differently
thinner than collagen fibers
forming branching, interwoven frameworks in various organs
least common

39
Q

ground substance

A

clear, colorless, viscous

fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

40
Q

types of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

41
Q

loose connective tissue

A

“packing materials” of the body
more ground substance, fewer fibers
example: fat(adipose tissue)

42
Q

dense connective tissue

A

tough, strong, and durable
more fibers, less ground substance
example: tendons

43
Q

fluid connective tissues

A

blood and lymph

44
Q

blood and lymph

A 
watery matrix of dissolved proteins
carry specific cell types(formed elements)
-formes elements of blood
---red blood cells
---white blood cells
---platelets
45
Q

supporting connective tissues

A

cartilage and bone

46
Q

cartilage

A

gel-type ground substance

for shock absorption and protection

47
Q

bone

A

calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)

for weight support

48
Q

chondrocytes(cartilage cells)

A

surrounded by lacunae(chambers)

49
Q

avascular

A

chondrocytes in lacunae

50
Q

perichondrium

A

outer, fibrous layer(for strength)

inner, cellular layer(for growth and maintenance)

51
Q

three major types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

52
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

stiff, flexible support
reduces friction between bones
found insynovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

53
Q

elastic cartilage

A

supportive but bends easily

found in external ear and epiglottis

54
Q

fibrocartilage

A

limits movement
prevent bone-to-bone contact
pads knee joints
found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs

55
Q

bone also called osseous tissue

A 
strong(hard calcium compounds)
resistes shattering(flexible collagen fibers)
56
Q

bone cells or osteocytes

A

arranged around central canals within matrix
found inside lacunae as with cartilage
small channels through matrix(canaliculi) access blood supply

57
Q

tissue membranes

A

are physical barriers

line or cover portions of the body

58
Q

what do tissue membrane consist of

A

an epithelial layer

supporting connective tissues

59
Q

four types of tissue membranes

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes

60
Q

mucous membranes

A

are cotes with secretions of mucous glands. these membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

61
Q

serous membranes

A

line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities)

62
Q

cutaneous membrane or skin

A

covers the outer surface of the body

63
Q

synovial membranes

A

line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

64
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle tissue

65
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

large body muscles responsible for movement

66
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

found only in the heart

67
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

found in walls of blood vessels
found around hollow organs such as the urinary bladder
around the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

68
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

specialized for contraction

produces all body movement

69
Q

neural tissue also called nervous or nerve tissue

A

specialized for conducting electrical impulses
rapidly senses internal or external environment
processes information and control responses

70
Q

neural tissue concentrated in the central nervous system

A

brain

spinal cord

71
Q

two kinds of neural cells

A

nerons and neuroglia

72
Q

what is a neurons

A

nerve cells

perform electrical communication

73
Q

what is neuroglia

A

supporting cells

repair and supple nutrients to neurons

74
Q

what are the cell parts of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon(nerve fiber)

75
Q

cell body

A

contains the nucleus and nucleolus

76
Q

dendrites

A

short branches extending from the cell body

receive incoming signals

77
Q

axon(nerve fiber)

A

long, thin extension of the cell body

carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

78
Q

tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis

A

cells restore homeostasis with two processes

  1. inflammation
  2. regeneration
79
Q

inflammatory response

A

the tissue’s first response to injury

80
Q

signs and symptoms of inflammation includes:

A

swelling
heat
redness
pain

81
Q

inflammatory response can be triggered by:

A

trauma(physical injury)

infection(the presence of harmful pathogens)

82
Q

aging tissue with age

A

rate of tissue repair declines

cancer rates increase

83
Q

speed and efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age due to:

A

slower rate of energy consumption(metabolism)

BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio (8 decks)

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