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BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

vascular pathway of blood flow

A

-arteries leave the heart and branch into:
-arterioles feed parts of organs and branch into:
-capillaries, where chemical and gaseous exchange occurs, and which drain into:
-venules, the smallest vessels of the venous system, which drain into:
-veins, which return blood to the atria of the heart

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2
Q

three layers of vessel walls are

A

tunica intima (or tunica interna), tunica media, tunica externa (or tunica adventitia)

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3
Q

tunica intima (or tunica interna)

A

has endothelial lining and elastic connective tissue

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4
Q

tunica media

A

has smooth muscle with collagen and elastic fibers
controls diameter of vessel

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5
Q

tunica externa (or tunica adventitia)

A

sheath of connective tissue may anchor to other tissues

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6
Q

capillaries

A

-tunica interna only
-endothelial cells with basement membrane
-ideal for diffusion between plasma and IF
-thin walls provide short diffusion distance
-small diameter slows flow to increase diffusion rate
-enormous number of capillaries provide huge surface area for increased diffusion

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7
Q

capillary beds are

A

an interconnected network of capillaries

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8
Q

entrance to bed is regulated by

A

precapillary sphincter, a band of smooth muscle

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9
Q

relaxation of sphincter allows for

A

increased flow

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10
Q

constriction of sphincter

A

decreases flow

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11
Q

the relaxation and constriction is referred to as

A

vasomotion

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12
Q

control is local through

A

autoregulation

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13
Q

veins

A

collect blood from tissues and organs and return it to the heart

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14
Q

venules

A

are the smallest and some lack tunica media

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15
Q

medium sized veins

A

tunica media has several smooth muscle layers
in limbs, contain valves

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16
Q

valves

A

prevent backflow of blood toward the distal ends
increase venous return

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17
Q

large veins

A

thin tunica media and thick collagenous tunica externa
thinner walls than arteries because of low pressure

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18
Q

maintaining adequate blood flow

A

flow maintain adequate perfusion of tissues

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19
Q

normally, blood flow equals cardiac output (CO)

A

increased CO leads to increased flow through capillaries
decreased CO leads to reduce flow

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20
Q

capillary flow influenced by pressure and resistance

A

increased pressure increases flow
increased resistance decreases flow

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21
Q

liquids exert ______ pressure in all directions

A

hydrostatic

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22
Q

a pressure gradient

A

exists between high and low pressures at different points

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23
Q

circulatory pressure

A

high in aorta vs. low in venae cavae
(arterial pressure is blood pressure
capillary pressure
venous pressure)

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24
Q

flow is proportional to

A

pressure gradients

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25
Q

resistance

A

any force that opposes movement
circulatory pressure must be high enough to overcome total peripheral resistance

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26
Q

the highest pressure gradient exists in

A

arterioles due to high peripheral resistance

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27
Q

vascular resistance

A

largest component of peripheral resistance
-caused mostly by friction between blood and vessel walls
-amount of friction due to length and diameter of vessel
-length doesn’t normally change
-the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance
-arteriolar diameter is primary source of vascular resistance
-the smaller the diameter, the greater the resistance

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28
Q

blood pressure

A

arterial pressures fluctuate
recorded as systolic over diastolic (e.g., 120/80 mm Hg)
pulse is alternating changes in pressures

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29
Q

systolic pressure (SP)

A

is peak and occurs during ventricular contraction

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30
Q

diastolic pressure (DP)

A

is the minimum and occurs at the end of ventricular relaxation

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31
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

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32
Q

pulse pressure =

A

SP - DP

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33
Q

pulse pressure diminishes over distance,

A

eliminated at the capillary level

34
Q

arterial recoil or elastic rebound occurs during diastole

A

adds additional push or squeeze on blood
results in fluctuation of pressures

35
Q

capillary pressures

A

drops from 35 to 18 mmHg along capillary length

36
Q

capillaries are permeable to

A

ions, nutrients, wastes, gases, and water

37
Q

capillary pressures cause filtration out of bloodstream and into tissues

A

some materials are reabsorbed into blood
some materials are picked up by lymphatic vessels

38
Q

four functions of capillary exchange

A
  1. maintains constant communication between plasma and IF
  2. speeds distribution of nutrients, hormones, and gases
  3. assists movement of insoluble molecules
  4. flushes bacterial toxins and other chemicals to lymphatic tissues for immune response
39
Q

mechanisms of capillary exchange

A

-diffusion of solutes down concentration gradients
-filtration down fluid pressure gradients
-osmosis down osmotic gradient
-water is filtered out of capillary by fluid or hydrostatic pressures
-water is reabsorbed into capillary due to osmotic pressure

40
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

A

is high at arteriolar end, low at venous end

41
Q

(CHP) tends to push water out of plasma

A

into tissues at arteriolar end, favoring filtration

42
Q

blood osmotic pressure (BOP)

A

is higher than in interstitial fluid

43
Q

(BOP) as CHP drops over length of capillary,

A

BOP remains the same, favoring reabsorption

44
Q

venous pressure

A

gradient is low compared to arterial side

45
Q

large veins provide low resistance ensuring

A

increase in flow despite low pressure

46
Q

when standing,

A

blood flow must overcome gravity

47
Q

muscular compression

A

pushes on outside of veins

48
Q

venous valves

A

prevent backflow

49
Q

respiratory pump

A

due to thoracic pressures

50
Q

short-term hormonal control of cardiovascular performance

A

E and

51
Q

short-term hormonal control of cardiovascular performance

A

E and NE trigger rapid increase of cardiac output and vasoconstriction

52
Q

long-term hormonal control of cardiovascular performance

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), antigiotensin II, EPO
-raise BP when too low
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
-lowers BP when too high

53
Q

ADH(antidiuretic hormone) is released from posterior in response to

A

decrease in blood volume
increase in blood osmolarity
presence of angiotensin II

54
Q

results of ADH (antidiuretic)

A

vasoconstriction
conserving water by kidneys, increasing blood volume

55
Q

angiotensin II and cardiovascular regulation

A

when BP decreases, kidney secrets renin
cascade of reactions forms angiotensin II

56
Q

angiotensin II

A

stimulates CO, arteriolar constriction
immediately increase BP
stimulates release of ADH and aldosterone
stimulates thirst center

57
Q

erythropoietin is release by kidney when

A

BP drops and plasma oxygen drops

58
Q

erythropoietin stimulates

A

RBC production and increases blood volume

59
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide is released by atrial walls when BP increases

A

from stretch of atrial wall due to more venous return

60
Q

effects of atrial natriuretic peptide

A

increases sodium (and therefore water) loss by kidneys
reduces thirst
blocks release of ADH, aldosterone, E, NE
stimulates arteriolar dilation

61
Q

short-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhage

A

loss of blood causes decrease in BP

62
Q

loss of blood causes decrease in BP

A

-carotid and aortic reflexes increase cardiac output and peripheral resistance
-vasoconstriction accesses venous reserve
-sympathetic activation triggers arteriolar constriction
-all mechanisms function to elevate BP

63
Q

long-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhage

A

may take several days to restore blood volume to normal

64
Q

long-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhage

A

-fluids are accessed from interstitial space
-ADH and aldosterone promote fluid retention
-thirst increases
-EPO triggers RBC production
-all mechanisms lead to increase in volume and BP

65
Q

three functional patterns of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. distribution of arteries and veins nearly identical except near heart
  2. single vessel may undergo name changes as it crosses anatomical boundaries
  3. anastomoses of arteries and veins reduce threat of temporary blockage of vessel to organ
66
Q

the pulmonary circuit (lungs)

A

-blood exists right ventricle through pulmonary trunk
-branches into left and right pulmonary arteries
-enter lungs, arterial branching nearly parallels branching of respiratory airways
-smallest arteriole feeds capillary surrounding alveolus
-oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through left and right, superior and inferior pulmonary veins

67
Q

the systemic circuit (body)

A

-supplies oxygenated blood to all non-pulmonary tissues
-oxygenated blood leaves left ventricle through aorta
-returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium through superior and inferior venae cavae, and coronary sinus
-contains about 84 percent of total blood volume

68
Q

the aorta

A

-ascending aorta is first systemic vessel
-begins at aortic semilunar valve
-left and right coronary arteries branch off near base of aorta
-aortic arch curves across top of heart
-descending aorta drops down through mediastinum

69
Q

three elastic arteries of the aortic arch

A
  1. brachiocephalic
  2. left common carotid
  3. left subclavian
70
Q

the brachiocephalic trunk

A

branches to form right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

71
Q

an example of non-mirror-image arrangement

A

-from here on, arteries are the same on both sides of the body
-designation of right and left not necessary

72
Q

the blood supply to the brain two pathways

A

vertebral arteries and cerebral arterial circle

73
Q

vertebral arteries enter skull and fuse

A

posterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery

74
Q

cerebral arterial circle

A

ring-shaped anastomosis encircling the infundibulum of the pituitary

75
Q

systemic veins

A

venous network returns blood to heart
arteries and veins run parallel, often similar names
major veins in neck and limbs different than arteries

76
Q

arteries are located

A

deep

77
Q

veins usually a set of two

A

one deep and the other superficial
aids in body temperature control

78
Q

hepatic portal system

A

The portal venous system is responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Substances absorbed in the small intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart.

79
Q

portal system

A

is two capillary beds in series connected by portal vessel

80
Q

blood going through capillaries of digestive organs

A

absorbs nutrients, some wastes, some toxins

81
Q

blood is processed by

A

liver before entering general circulation

82
Q

hepatic portal system pathway

A

Capillaries from:
-Lower large intestine —> inferior mesenteric vein
-Spleen, stomach, pancreas —> splenic vein
-Stomach, small and large intestines —> superior mesenteric vein
All three —> hepatic portal vein
-Blood from gastric vein and cystic vein added
Blood enters liver capillaries —> hepatic vein —-> IVC

BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio (8 decks)

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