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BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio > The Animal Body Basic Form And Function > Flashcards

The Animal Body Basic Form And Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Common functions of all living things are?

A

responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, metabolism

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2
Q

responsiveness

A

an organism change in response to its environment

*longer-term change is called adaptation

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3
Q

growth

A

an increase in size, number of cells, complexity of cells, or all three
*the process of developing a variety of cells is called differentiation

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4
Q

reproduction

A

creation of new generations of similar organisms

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5
Q

movement

A

ability to transport things within the internal environment of the organism
ability to transport the organism through the external envirnoment

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6
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of all the chemical reactions in the organism
uses resources absorbed from the environment
uses respiration for cellular production of energy
organism excretes any waste products left over from the chemical reactions

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7
Q

what is anatomy

A

it is the structure of things or how things are built, form

  • specifics of:
  • where things are
  • what they are made of
  • physical relationships between parts
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8
Q

the word anatomy means…

A

“a cutting open”

anatemno “I cut apart”

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9
Q

what is physiology

A

the function of the anatomical structures
*specifics of:
how structures, organs, and systems work separately and together

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10
Q

what is the level of organizations

A

chemical levels, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

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11
Q

chemical level

A

atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
atoms combine to form molecules
molecular shape defines function

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12
Q

cellular level

A

combination of molecules, atoms, and organelles to perform a specific function in a cell

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13
Q

tissue level

A

a collection of cells working together to perform a specific function

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14
Q

organ level

A

two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

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15
Q

organ system level

A

two or more organs working together to perform specific functions

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16
Q

organism level

A

multiple organ systems working together to maintain health

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17
Q

what are the vertebrate organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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18
Q

what does the integumentary system do

A

it protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

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19
Q

what does the skeletal system do

A

it provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

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20
Q

what does the muscular system do

A

it allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat

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21
Q

what does the nervous system do

A

it directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

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22
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

it directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

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23
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do

A

it transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

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24
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

it defends against infection and disease; returns to tissue fluid to the bloodstream

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25
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

it delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound

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26
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

it processes food and absorbs nutrients

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27
Q

what does the urinary system do

A

it eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products

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28
Q

what does the female reproductive system do

A

it produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth

29
Q

what does the male reproductive system do

A

it produces sex cells and hormones

30
Q

what is homeostasis

A

it is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
* “relatively stable” means there are variations
* dynamic equilibrium
it is the result of interdependence of organ systems functioning together

31
Q

what is homeostasis regulation

A

it is the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

32
Q

a typical homeostasis feedback loop contains…

A

a receptor that receives a stimulus
a control center that processes and integrates information from the receptor
an effector that responds to the control center to change the body’s response

33
Q

what is negative feedback

A

corrects deviations from normal
*most common form of feedback loop
variations from the norm that are increases are brought back down
variations from the norm that are decreases are brought back up

34
Q

example of negative feedback loop: thermoregulation

If your body temperature drops too low?

A

The brain sends signals to skeletal muscles to start shivering and to blood vessels in the skin to constrict
Temperature rises

35
Q

example of negative feedback loop: thermoregulation

If your body temperature drops too high?

A

The brain sends a message to the skin to dilate blood vessels and sweat
Temperature lowers

36
Q

what is positive feedback

A

reinforces or exaggerates deviations from normal
variations from the norm that are increases are further increased
variations from the norm that are decreases are further decreased
positive feedback mechanisms are relatively rare and must be controlled by an independent “off switch”

37
Q

example of positive feedback loop: uterine contractions

release of hormone oxytocin

A

triggered by pressure against inside of cervix
causes contractions of muscles of the uterine wall
contractions push child against inside of cervix, continuing the feedback cycle

38
Q

what is primary medical terminology

A

it describes body regions, anatomical positions, and directions, and body sections

  • surface anatomy
  • sectional anatomy
39
Q

what is anatomical position

A

hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together

  • supine (face up)
  • prone (face down)
40
Q

what is anatomical regions

A

two methods to map the surface of abdomen and pelvis

  • abdominopelvic quadrants
  • abdominopelvic regions
41
Q

what are the abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper quadrant I left upper quadrant

right lower quadrant I left lower quadrant

42
Q

what are the abdominopelvic regions

A 
right hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
right inguinal region
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric(pubic) region
left hypochondriac region
left lumbar region
left inguinal region
43
Q

what is anatomical directions

A

provides an orientation of structure relative to anatomical position
left an right always refer to the left and right rides of the subject, not the observer

44
Q

cranial(towards the head)

A

caudal(towards the tail)

45
Q

dorsal(towards the back/spine side)

A

ventral(towards the front side stomach)

46
Q

superior(above)

A

inferior(under)

47
Q

anterior(behind)

A

posterior(in front)

48
Q

medial(middle/towards the middle)

A

lateral(side/away from the midline)

49
Q

proximal(closer)

A

distal(distance/away)

50
Q

superficial(shallow/close to the skin)

A

deep(closer to the middle/inside)

51
Q

central(brain and spinal cord/middle)

A

peripheral(nerves/edges)

52
Q

ipsilateral(same side)

A

contralateral(opposite side)

53
Q

what is sectional anatomy

A

a “slice” through the body in three primary sectional planes

54
Q

types of sectional anatomy

A

transverse, frantal, and sagittal plane

55
Q

transverse plane (“cross section”)

A

divides body into “head” and “tail” portions

56
Q

frontal plane (or coronal plane)

A

divides body into “belly” and “back” portions

57
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right portions

58
Q

what do body cavities do

A

protect internal organs
allow organs to change shape
*dorsal and ventral cavities exist

59
Q

what do dorsal cavity(found in the verterbrates) typically contains

A

neural tissue

60
Q

what does ventral cavity contains

A

viscera(internal organs)

61
Q

viscera are organs of…

A

the respitory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

62
Q

cavities are lined by…

A

parietal layer

63
Q

organs are enclosed(visceral layer) by…

A

serous membranes

64
Q

what are the two parts that divide the ventral cavity?

*body cavities are often subdivided into smaller cavities

A
  • thoracic cavity

- abdominopelvic cavity

65
Q

what are the three internal chambers in the thoracic cavity

A 
one pericardial(middle) cavity and two pleural(side)
-each cavity is defined by a serous membrane
66
Q

pericardial cavity

A

Contains the heart
Defined by a serous membrane called the pericardium
Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart
Parietal pericardium(lines the heart) is the outer layer
Between the two layers is serous fluid to reduce friction

67
Q

pleural cavity

A

Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity

Serous membrane is the pleura

Visceral pleura is the layer covering the lung

Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the chest wall

68
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

Subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity

Contains the peritoneal cavity, lined with a serous membrane called the peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum covers internal organs

Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of body wall

BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio (8 decks)

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