The Anatomy of Exercise & Movement, Jo Ann Staugaard-Jones

Question 1

What is the significance of “anterior” vs “posterior?”

Answer 1

Anterior is toward the front of the body, while posterior is toward the back.

Question 2

What is the significance of “inferior” vs “superior?”

Answer 2

Inferior is directed down, away from the head, while superior is toward the head.

Question 3

What is the significance of “lateral” vs “medial” and “peripheral?”

Answer 3

Lateral is toward the side of the body, away from the midline, while medial is toward the midline. Peripheral is toward the outer surface of the body.

Question 4

What is the significance of “distal” vs “proximal?”

Answer 4

Distal is further away from the point of origin, while proximal is closer.

Question 5

What is the significance of “deep” vs “superficial?”

Answer 5

Deep is far from the body surface, while superficial is near the surface.

Question 6

What is the significance of “dorsum” vs “palmar” or “plantar?”

Answer 6

Dorsum signifies the posterior surface of something, or the upper surface of the foot. Palmar refers to the anterior surface of the hand, while plantar refers to the sole of the foot.

Question 7

What is the significance of “prone” vs “supine?”

Answer 7

Prone refers to ventral surface of the body facing down, while supine means the ventral surface is facing up.

Question 8

What is the significance of “opposition” and “reposition” with respect to thumb and finger movements?

Answer 8

Opposition means the thumb is moving toward or touching the fingertips, while reposition is returning the thumb to a parallel position with the fingers.

Question 9

What is the significance of “ipsilateral” vs “contralateral?”

Answer 9

Ipsilateral refers to something on the same side, while contralateral refers to something on the opposite side.

Question 10

What is the sagittal plane? Which movements occur in this plane?

Answer 10

The sagittal plane is a vertical plane running anteroposterior that divides the body into right and left parts. This is essentially the “forward and backward” plane; parallel to the median plane. Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane.

Question 11

What is the frontal plane? Which movements occur in this plane?

Answer 11

The frontal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions - the side to side plane. Abduction and adduction generally occur in this plane, as well as lateral flexion in the spine.

Question 12

What is the transverse plane? Which movements occur in this plane?

Answer 12

The transverse plane is a horizontal cross-section that divides the body into upper and lower sections; effectively the rotational movement plane. Internal and external rotation, pronation and supination, and upward and downward rotation occur in this plane.

Question 13

What is the difference between adduction and abduction?

Answer 13

Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body, while abduction is movement away from the midline.

Question 14

What is circumduction?

Answer 14

Movement in which the distal end of a bone moves in a circle, while the proximal end remains relatively stable.

Question 15

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fiber?

Answer 15

Red slow-twitch, intermediate fast-twitch and white fast-twitch. (Need to update with number types)

Question 16

What are the four components of a lever system?

Answer 16

An effort force, a resistance force, a rigid bar, and a fulcrum.

Question 17

What is the difference between a first-class lever, a second-class lever and a third-class lever?

Answer 17

In a first-class level, the effort and the resistance are located on opposite sides of the fulcrum. In a second-class lever, the effort and the resistance are located on the same side of the fulcrum, and the resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort. In a third-class lever, the effort and resistance are located on the same side of the fulcrum, but the effort acts between the fulcrum and the resistance, and this is the most common type of lever in the human body.

Question 18

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 18

The physiological phenomenon in which there is an automatic inhibition of a muscle when its antagonist contracts. Under special circumstances both the agonist and antagonist can contract together, known as a co-contraction.

Question 19

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Answer 19

Plane (or gliding); hinge; pivot; ball-and-socket; condyloid; saddle.

Question 20

What is a plane (or gliding) joint?

Answer 20

A joint where the movement occurring is two, generally flat or slightly curved surfaces, gliding across one another. Examples include the acromioclavicular joint and the sacro-iliac joint.

Question 21

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 21

A joint where movement occurs around only one axis; a transverse one, as in the hinge of the lid of a box; the plane is sagittal. A protrusion of one bone fits into a concave or cylindrical articular surface of another, permitting flexion and extension. Examples includes the interphalangeal joints, the elbow, and the knee.

Question 22

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 22

Movement takes place around a vertical axis, like the hinge of a gate. A more or less cylindrical articular surface of bone protrudes into and rotates within a ring formed by bone or ligament. An example is the joint between the radius and the ulna at the elbow.

Question 23

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

Answer 23

Consists of a ‘ball’ formed by the spherical or hemispherical head of one bone that rotates within the concave ‘socket’ of another, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation. They are multiaxial and allow the greatest range of movement of all joints. Examples include the shoulder and the hip joints.

Question 24

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 24

Condyloid joints have a spherical or ellipsoid articular surface that fits into a matching concavity. Permits flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, which combined together is called circumduction. Examples in the wrist and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (but not the thumb).

Question 25

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 25

Articulating saddle have convex and concave areas, and so resemble two ‘saddles’ that join them together by accommodating each other’s convex to concave surfaces. Allow even more movement that condyloid joints, for example, allowing the ‘opposition’ of the thumb to the fingers. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Question 26

What are the joint actions of the spine?

Answer 26

The joint actions of the spine are: extension, flexion, hyperextension, lateral flexion left and right, and rotation left and right.

Question 27

What are the five sections of the vertebral spine?

Answer 27

The vertebral spine is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx sections.

Question 28

Which two bones form the atlanto-occipital joint? Which motions can occur at this joint?

Answer 28

The skull and C1 vertebra (atlas) articulate to form the atlanto-occipital joint, where only flexion and extension can occur.

Question 29

Which two bones form the atlanto-axial joint? Which motions can occur at this joint?

Answer 29

The C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae from the atlanto-axial joint, where rotation occurs.