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Endocrinology > The Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

The Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Diagram of the adrenal glands

A
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2
Q

Diagram of the adrenal blood vessels

A
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3
Q

What is the microanatomy of the adrenal glands

A
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4
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Sex steroids (androgens, oestrogens)

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5
Q

Whate does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Corticosteroids

Mineralocorticoides (aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Sex steriods (androgens, oestrogens

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6
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

Aldosterone

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7
Q

What does the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis secrete

A

Cortisol (androgens, oestrogens)

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8
Q

Picture of the layers of the adrenal cortex

A
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9
Q

How to draw the adrenal microanatomy

A
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10
Q

What is the first step of cholestrol turning into corticosteroids

A
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11
Q

How does progesterone get to aldosterone

A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Whole preview of cholestrol to aldosterone and cortisol

A
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14
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tuble and corticol collecting duct in kidney (in sweat glands, gastric glands, colon)

Stimulates K+ and H+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule

Aldosterone switches on ATPase

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15
Q

How is aldosterone regulated

A

If there is decreased renal perfusion pressure - juxtagolmerular measures BP

Increased renin secretion when BP falls

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16
Q

What is the renin cascade

A

Liver makes angiotensinogen (proteins)

Renin converts that into angiotensin 1 (hormones)

ACE is the lung which converts into angiotensin 2

Angriotensin 2 regulate aldosterone release

17
Q

What does angiotensin 2 enzyme activate

A

3 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

21 hydroxylase

11 hydroxylase

18 hydroxylase

18
Q

How is cortisol secreted

A
19
Q

What is cortisol and what does it do

A

Stress hormone

Protein catabolism - breakdown protein

Hepatic gluconeogensis

Increase bloog glucose concentration

Fat metabolism

Enhanced effects of glucagon and catecholamines

20
Q

Adenohypophysis negative feedback

A
21
Q

Hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis drawing

A
22
Q

What type of rhythm does cortisol have

A

Diurnal

Lower at midnight

Peak at 8 30

Responsibel for sleep cycle

Tells your body what day it is

It secretes cortisol in pulses

Circadian rhythm

23
Q

What are the symptoms of addison disease

A

Increase pigmentation (especially when there is no sun)

Autoimmune vvitiligo

No cortisol or aldosterone so low blood pressure

Salt loss

Eventual death

Aldosterone and cortisol deficiency

24
Q

What is the cause of primary adrenal failure

A

Autoimmune disease

TB

Pituitary starts screting lots of ACTH and MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone

25
Q

Why do patients with Addison’s disease have a good tan

A

POMC (pro-opio-melanocortin) is large precursour protein that is cleaved to form ACTH, MSH and endoprhins

26
Q

What is the urgent treatment of Addison’s disease

A

Rehydrate with normal saline

Dextrose to prevent hypoglycaemia

Give hydrocortisone

Predisolone - does a bit of the work of cortisol

27
Q

Cause of cushing syndrome

A

Tumour of adrenal or pituitary

Metabolism changes and put on weight

28
Q

Symptoms of cushing syndromes

A

Adrenal gland gets bigger

Fat pads - fat deposition

Stop making protein and start making fat

Skin gets thinner, bruising

Cannot make cell in between cells in between skin so tear. Can’t make protein fast enough

Increase blood pressure

Wound and injuries don’t heal

Moon face

29
Q

List four possibel causes of Cushing syndroms

A

Taking steroids

Pituitary depedent Cushing disease - makes ACTH cushing disease

Ectopic ACTH lung cancer

Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma

30
Q

Where are catecholamines derived from

A

Tyrosine

Stored in cytoplasmic granules and release in response to Ach

31
Q

How is dopamine converted to noradrenaline and adrenaline

A
32
Q

Role of catecholamines

A

Increased blood glucose, aalertness

NA and Adr bound to albumin

Degraded by hepatic enzymes: monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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