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Endocrinology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the seminal fluid consist of

A

Fructose

Bicorbonate

Citric acid

Fibrinogen

Fibrinolytic enzymes

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2
Q

Why is the testes suspended in the scrotum

A

Keep temperatures 2-3 degrees lower than body

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3
Q

What is the role of the epidydimis

A

Stores and matures the sperm

If not ejaculated broken down

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4
Q

What is the ductus deferenes/ vas

A

Transport sperm to penis

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5
Q

What does prostate and seminal vesicles do

A

Secrete seminal fluid to support ejaculated sperm

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6
Q

What muscles are the penis made up of

A

2 corpora cavvernose

1 corpus spongiosum

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7
Q

What type of stimulation is erection

A

Arterial relaxation due to parasympathetic stimulates, results in increase pressure which obstructs venous drainage

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8
Q

What do the bulbo-urethral glands do

A

Secretes sugar-rich mucus into urethra for lubrication and contribute to pre-ejaculatory emissions

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9
Q

What does the spermatic cord do

A

Suspends the tests

passes along inguinal canal and down to scrotum

contains - vas deferenes, testicular artery, pampiniform, plexus of veins, autonomic nerves, lymph bessels, artery of vas, cremasteric artery, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, remnants of processus vaginalis

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10
Q

How is the testes arterial blood supply

A

Testicular arteries from aorta via spermatic cord

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11
Q

What part of the testes can be palpated

A

Epidydmis

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12
Q

What is the tunica vasculosa

A

It contains the blood vessels

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13
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

Thick layer that forms the septa dividing the testis into lobules

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14
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis

A

Covers testis and epidydimis

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15
Q

What is the anatomy of the the testes

A
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16
Q

What is the anatomy of the male reproductive tract

A
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17
Q

Where do the seminiferous tubules drain into

A

Epidydimis

Contain closed loops

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18
Q

Why is the vas deferens easily palpatable

A

Surrounded by smooth muslce

Travels with the testicular artery/veins/nerves in the spermatic cord

Allows male sterilisation easier

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19
Q

Where are the ovaries situated in

A

Peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

How does fallopian tubes carry egg

A

Have cilia and spiral muscles sensitive to oestrogen levels

If it doesn’t move down properly then susceptible to ectopic

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21
Q

Where does fertilisation in the fallopian tube take place

A

Widest section called ampulla

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22
Q

How is the uterus supported

A

Tone of pelvic floor - levator ani and coccygeus muscles

Ligaments - broad, round and uterosacral ligaments

23
Q

What are the different layers of the uterus

A

Serosa - peritoneal covering

Myometrium - thick smooth muscle layer sensitive to hormones

Endometrium

24
Q

What is the process of the period

A

Intermittent vasoconstriction

Ischaemia/necrosis causing shedding

Haemorrhage of menstration

Happens as porgesterone levels fall

25
Q

How does cervix act as a barrier

A

Thick cervical mucus

Shedding of endometrium

Glycogen released which lactobacilli digest releasing lactic acid

Lowers pH ereventing infection

26
Q

What can antibiotics do to this area of the cervix

A

Disrupt it which causes overgrowth and infections

27
Q

Diagram of the female reproductive tract

A
28
Q

Germ cells across lifespan

A
29
Q

Gametogenesis for male

A
30
Q

What is the tunica propria composed of

A

Flattened cells, several cells thick forming a basement membrane

Most of the cells lying against the basement membrane and have round nuclei are spermatogonia

31
Q

What is the function of sertoli cell

A

Within seminiferous tubules

FSH receptors

Support developing germ cells - movement of germ cells to tubular lumen, nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells, pahgocytosis of damaged germ cells

Hormone synthesis - (inhibin and activin on FSH), anti-mullerian homrone (regression of mullerian ducts), androgen binding protein (directs t to germ cells)

32
Q

What is the function of leydig cells

A

Secrete hormones outside of the tubules

Pale cytoplaqsm as cholestrol-rcih

LH receptors

homrone synthesis - androgens(testerone/oestrogens), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone

33
Q

Diagram of the seminiferous tubules

A
34
Q
A
35
Q

Picture of gametogenesis in female

A

Meiotic dision halted at prophase until menarche

This is during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy

Formes primordial follicles

36
Q

Diagram of folliculogenesis

A
37
Q

Steps of folliculogenesis

A
  1. Primordial follic
  2. Primary (preantral) follicle - layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells
  3. Secondary (antral) follicle - antrum develops, develop FSH and LH receptors
  4. Mature (preovulatory) follice - forms due to LH surge, secondary oocyte formed
  5. Ruptures surface of ovary
  6. 7 - Corpus luteum - produces progesterone and oestrogen
38
Q

Anatomy of the mature follicle

A

Outer theca cells produce androgens

Granulosa cells bind to FSH to aromatise androgens to oestrogens

Lots of follicles develop but dominant follicle overtakes as produces most oestrogen

39
Q

What does the theca cell do

A

Associated with outer part of the ovarian follicles

Supports folliculogensis - structurally and nutritional

Hormone synthesis - LH stimulates synthesis of androgens,

40
Q

What does the granulosa cell do

A

Inner part of ovarian follciiles

Hormone synthesis - FSH sitmulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens by aromatase. Secretes inhibin and activin

After ovulation - turns into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone and relaxine

41
Q

Where does human steroidogensis occur

A
42
Q

Where does human steroidgenesis occur in men

A

Leydig cell

43
Q

Diagram of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

A
44
Q

How does hyperprolactinaemia inhibit kisspeptin

A

Binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin

Inhibits kisspeptin release

Decrease in GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest

45
Q

What feedback loops are involved in the menstrual cycle

A

Hypothalamic kisspeptin and GnRH

Ovarian oestrogen, progesterone, activin and inhibin

Pituitary LH and FSH

46
Q

Picture of the menstural cycle

A
47
Q

What happens in the follicular phase of menstrual cycle

A

LH and FSH rises

FSH stimulates follicles to mature which makes oestrogen

Oestrogens stimulates synthesis of LH receptors

Most of the oestrogen is from dominant follicle and FSH dips due to negative feedback

As oestrogen rises there is a switch to positive feedback resulting in LH surge and reduce in FSH

LH surge results in maturation and relese of the dominant follicle

48
Q

What happens to the menstrual phase of uterine cycle

A

Ishchaemic and necrotic functional laeyr of endometrium is shed along with blood from spinal arteries

49
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

Endometrium proliferates to form a new functional layer and cervical mucus thins

50
Q

What happenes in the lutueal phase of ovarian cycle

A

Average length is 14d depend on CL

Progesterone is dominant and inhibitds LH and FSH

CL breaks down slowly unless hCG is present - produced by implanting conceptus

51
Q

What happens in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle

A

Endometrium secretes a glycogen-rich fluid in preparation fora. potential embryo

As progesterone and O fall,arteries constrict and cases ischaemia and necrosis

52
Q

Why does the body temperature dip 0.5 degrees during ovulation

A

Due to progesterone

53
Q
A

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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