Pregnancy Flashcards
What are the 7 basic principles of pregnancy
Semen formation and voyage
Capacitation
Fertilisation
Implantation
Hormonal changes of pregnancy
Partruition (labour)
Lactation
What happens to the fluid of semen as it levels the seminiferous tubules
Tubular fluid reabsorption which increases the concentration - induced by oestrogen
Nutrients and glycoprotein secretion into epididymal fluid induced by androgens
How much spermatozoa per ejaculate
15-120 million/ml
Seminal fluid 2-5ml
What does the semen contain
Lecuocytes
HIV, Hep B
Sperm
Seminal fluid
What other stuff is located is semen analysis reports
Motility - just go around in circles
Where does seminal fluid come from
Epididymis/testis
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral galnds
How does the capacitation of sperm happen
Loss of glycoprotein coat
Change in surface membrane characteristics
Development of whiplash movements of tail
Takes place in ionic and proteolytic environment of fallopian tube, oestrogen dependent, Ca dependent
What happens in the acrosome reaction
Binds to sperm receptor ZP3
Ca influx into sperm stimulated by progesterone
Release of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes from acrosome
Sperm penetrate zona pellucida
What happens during fertilisation
Triggers cortical reaction
Cortical granules release molecules which degrade zona pellucida
Prevents further sperm binding as no more receptors
What happens during the development of conceptus
Divide as it moves down fallopian tube to uterus (3-4days)
Receives nutrients from uterine secretions
Can last for 9-10days
Diagram of development of conceptus
What are the different phases of implantation
Attachment phase - outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface
Decidualisation phase - changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue
Requires progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen
What molecules are involved in the process of attachmentz
Leukaemia inhibitory factors stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells
Interleukin-11 is released into uterine fluid
What are endometrial changes due to progesterone
Grandular eptihelial secretion
Growth of capilaries
Increase vascular permeability
Glycogen accumlation in stromal cell cytoplasm
Factors involved: IL11, histamine, prostaglandins and TGF B
What hormone is only present in pregnancy
hCG made by the placenta
Hormone changes and effects graph
What are the functions of hCG during pregnancy
hCG binds to LH receptors of corpus luteum
Where are the progesterone and oestrogen production during pregnancy
Corpus luteum stimulated by hCG produced by trophoblasts
Inhibites LH and FSH
Develop fetoplacental unit
Placenta starts to take over from day 40
Oestrogen comes from androgens, progesterone comes from pregnenolone
What are the physiological changes in maternal hormones
Increase in:
ACTH
Adrenal steroids
Prolactin
IGF1
Iodothyronines
PTH related peptides
Decrease in:
Gonadotrophins
Pituitary GH - placenta produces GH
TSH - hCG has TSH like actions
What does oxytocin do during partruition
Stimualtes uterine contraction alongside o and p
Cervical dilation
Milk ejection
What is the endocrine control of lactation
Suckling stimulus
Pituitary release oxytocin and prolactin
