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Endocrinology > Sex hormones > Flashcards

Sex hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of puberty

A

Maturation of reproductive organs Production of sex steroids Development of secondary sexual characteristics Attain capability to reproduce

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2
Q

What is thelarche

A

Breast development

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3
Q

What is genitalia

A
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4
Q

What is pubarche

A
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5
Q

What are the different types of arche

A

Gonadarche - activation of gonads

Thelarche - breast development

Menarche - menstural cycles

Spermarche - spermatogensis

Adrenache - Adrenal Androgen Production

Pubarche - Pubic hair

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6
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics in girls

A

Breast development

Hair growth - pubic, axillary

Sweat Gland Composition - skin oiliness/acne

Changes to external genitalia

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7
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics in men

A

Deepening of voice

Hair growth - pubic then axillary, facial

Sweat Gland Composition - skin oiliness/acne

Changes to external genitalia

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8
Q

Sequence of pubertal events in girls

A

Thelarche

Pubarche

Height

Menarche

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9
Q

Sequence of pubertal events in guys

A

Gonadarche

Pubarche

Onset penis growth

Height

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10
Q

Is normal Gonnadotrophin releasing hormone secretion pulsatile

A

Yes

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11
Q

Hormonal Control of Puberty-Gonadarche

A
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12
Q

What are the normal age of puberty

A

Girls 8-13yrs

Boys 9-14yrs

S.d. SD

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13
Q

What are the features of menarche

A

Happens 2.3 years after thelarche

Primary amenorrhoae - later than 16 years is abnormal

Secondary amernorrhoea - periods can be irregular. Classified as stopping for 3 to 6 months

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14
Q

What is a-menorrhoea

A

Absence of periods

3-6 months no periods

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15
Q

What is oligo-menorrhoea

A

Few periods

Infrequent periods with >35 days

4-9 cycles per year

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16
Q

What is the follicular phase of menstrual cycle

A
  1. FSH rises
  2. 2-3 follicles grow
  3. Produces E2 and Inhibin B
  4. Reduce FSH (negative feedback)
  5. Restrict FSH window and non dominant follicles undergo atresia
  6. Dominant graafian follicle is less FSH dependent
  7. E2 continues to increase
  8. Switches to +ve feedback
  9. Induces LH surge
  10. Ovulation
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17
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle

A

Corpus luteum forms

Progesterone and oestradiol

18
Q

What happens during the secretory phase - uterine cycle

A

Increased volume of stromal cells

Cork-screw shaped glands secreting glycogen

Coiling and lengthening of spinal arteries

19
Q

What happens during the proliferative pahse

A

Growth of new epithelial cells

Gland proliferation

Increase/ arterioles

20
Q

What happens when there is non-pusaltility of the HPG axis

A

Decreased LH/FSH secretion

21
Q

What is the difference in pulsatility in follicular compared to luteal

A

Follicular phase - every 90-120 minutes

Luteal phase - 180-240 minutes

22
Q

What is hypogonadism

A

Decrease Oestrogen in a woman

Decreased Testosterone in a man

23
Q

What happens in primary hypogonadism

A

Low E2/testo

High LH/FSH

Men - infection, trauma, cancer of tests

Women - menopause

24
Q

What happens in secondary hypogonadism

A

Pituitary Tumour

High Prolactin

Low LH/FSH

Low E2/Testo

25
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause

A

Skin dryness/ hair thinning

hot flushes/ sweating/ sleep disturbance

Mood disturbance

Oestoporosis

Sexual Dysfunction

Weight gain

Amenorrhoea - peri, within 1yr of LMP: post - after 1yr LMP

Cessation of fertility

Climateric - irregular periods

26
Q

What is the treatment of menopause

A

Oestrogen Replacemnt - HRT

Oestrogen stimulates the endometrium

Add progesterone if endometrium is intact to prevent endometrial hyperplasia/ cancer

27
Q

What does ovarian reserve refer to

A

Number of eggs in ovaries that you can have before menopause

28
Q

What hormone can you detect for ovarian reserve

A

Anti mullerian Hormone

Produced by granulosa cells in ovaries

29
Q

What is the average age of menopause

A

45-55

51

30
Q

How to diagnosis someone with premature ovarian isuffiency

A

FSH >25 iU/L on two occasions

31
Q

What are causes of premature ovarian insuffiency

A

Autoimmune

Genetic - fragile X syndrome/ Turners syndrome

Chemotherapy

32
Q

What is the percentage of testosterone in the blood

A

60% is bound to sex hormone binding globulin - extremely strong so unavaliable

38% Albumin - weakly binds, bioavaliable

2% active - free testosterone

33
Q

What is andropause

A

SHBG increase which decreases free testosterone

Lat onset hypogonadism

34
Q

When is testosterone at its peak

A

Measure testosterone at its peak

Diurnal rhythm

35
Q

How does sugar affect testosterone

A

Drop testosterone by 20%

Measure it when fasting

36
Q

What are symptoms of testosterone deficiency

A

Sexual dysfunciton

Decrease frequency of hair growth

Energy level

Mood disturbance

Increase fat/ reduced muscle mass

Gynaecomastia (breast enlargment)

Decrease spermatogenesis

Oestoperosis

37
Q

What converts testosterone to dihydrotesterone

A

Stronger androgen, more potent ligand for AR

5alpha - reductase

Prostate, Skin, Liver, Testes

38
Q

What converts testosterone to oestrogens

A

Armotase

Adipose tissue

Adrenal glands

Ovaries

Testes

Brain

Bone Skin

39
Q

What increases aromatase

A

Age

Obesity

Insulin

Gonadotrophins

Alcohol

40
Q

What does aromatase convert

A

Androstenedione - oestrone

Testosterone - 17B oestradiol

41
Q

How can you use enzymes therapeutically

A

Aromatase inihibtor - anastrozole for breast cancer

5 alpha reductase inhibitor - finasteride

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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