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2.2 Transfusion Science > The ABO Blood Group System > Flashcards

The ABO Blood Group System Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered the ABO Blood group system

A

Karl Landsteiner

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2
Q

When was the ABO blood group discovered

A

1901

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3
Q

What were the original three blood groups

A

A B and C

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4
Q

When was the AB blood group found?

A

1902

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5
Q

Where is the ABO locus found?

A

Chromosome 9

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6
Q

What type of antibody are the ABO antibodies?

A

IgM

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7
Q

When was the A group subgroup found?

A

1930

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8
Q

Why are ABO antibodies clinically significant

A

These are potent activators of complement

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9
Q

Why are ABO antibodies not found in babies

A

Babies don’t have antibodies yet

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10
Q

How do anti ABO antibodies come about?
(3)

A

You don’t have a gut microbiome yet

When gut flora develops, these have antigens which are similar to those found on rbcs

You develop antibodies to the antigen you don’t have

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11
Q

What is significant about the group O antibodies

A

These antibodies (anti-A and anti-B) are IgG

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12
Q

What is considered a major reaction in a transfusion

A

Wrong red cells

If you give A type blood to an O type person the individual kept producing anti A antibodies

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13
Q

What is considered a minor reaction in a transfusion
(3)

A

Wrong plasma

If you give anti A plasma to an A red blood cell type

Anti A plasma will attack the person’s A rbcs but this will eventually run out

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14
Q

What is Landsteiner’s rule?

A

This states that healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their RBCs

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15
Q

When were the ABO groups first put to practice?
(3)

A

1917

Transfused battlefield casualties in France

All were group O donations (universal donors)

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16
Q

How would you describe the genetics of the ABO blood group system?

A

Blood group antigens are codominant

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17
Q

What three genes influence the occurrence and location of ABO antigens?

A

ABO

H

Se

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18
Q

What does the H gene control?

A

The presence or absence of the ABH antigens on the rbc membrane

If you have H you have antigens

If you dont have H you dont have rbc antigens

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19
Q

What does the Se gene control?
(3)

A

The presence or absence of the ABH antigens in secretions

If you have Se then you will have ABH antigens in secretions

If you dont have Se then you will not have ABH antigens in secretions

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20
Q

What are the two H gene alleles

A

H and h

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21
Q

What is someone with the hh phenotype called?

A

The Bombay phenotype

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22
Q

Where is the H gene located

A

Chromosome 19

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23
Q

What is the h allele?

A

Its a damaged H allele -> very rare

Two hs will result in no antigens being expressed

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24
Q

How does the H gene actually work?

A

It adds a L-Fucose

This acts as the substrate for ABO antigen

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25
Q

Many people have an anti-H antibody, describe this

A

It’s a cold antibody

It’s usually benign in the body at 37 degrees but when outside the body and it cools they can cause problems

26
Q

What acts as the basic precursor structure for the rbc antigens?

A

An oligosaccharide chain

27
Q

What is the oligosaccharide chain attached to?

A

Attached to a protein or lipid carrier molecule

28
Q

What does the H locus encode

A

An alpha 1,2 fucosyltransferase (FUT 1)

29
Q

What does the A locus encode

A

alpha 1,3 N-acetylgalactoaminyl transferase

30
Q

What does the A locus encode

A

alpha 1,3 N-acetylgalactoaminyl transferase

31
Q

What does the B locus encode

A

alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase

32
Q

What does the Se gene encode?

A

An alpha 1,2 fucosyltransferase (FUT 2)

33
Q

By how much do the A and B genes differ from each other

A

They differ by 7 single base substitutions

34
Q

How does the O gene differ from the A gene

A

Differs by a single base deletion

This results in the translation of a protein that does not produce an antigen

35
Q

What are the two A subtypes

A

A1 and A2

36
Q

How does A1 differ from A2

A

A1 enzyme is 5 to 10 times more active than the A2 enzyme

37
Q

What percentage of As are A1?

A

80% are A1 and 20% are A2

38
Q

Comment on the antibodies in A2 blood type

A

Some people have both anti-B and anti-A in their plasma

39
Q

What percentage of people are secreters of rbc antigens

A

Approximately 75%

40
Q

Write a note on the Bombay phenotype
(5)

A

hh phenotype

Only 2 families in Ireland have this

You dont have any ABO or H on your rbcs

Anti-A, Anti-B and anti-H

Only autologous units or rare donor files can be used -> families can donate blood and it will be frozen

41
Q

What percentage of the Irish population is group O

A

55%+

42
Q

What percentage of the Irish population is group A

A

Approx 30

43
Q

What percentage of the Irish population is group B

A

Approx 10

44
Q

What percentage of the Irish population is group AB

A

Less than 5%

45
Q

What is considered the universal donor

A

Group O

46
Q

What is considered the universal recipient

A

Group AB

47
Q

What is considered the universal recipient

A

Group AB

48
Q

What is octaplas

A

A blood plasma product

49
Q

What specific type of O blood is given to women

A

O-

50
Q

What specific type of O blood is given to men

A

O+

51
Q

What types of plasma can be given to group O patients

A

B plasma -> Anti A plasma

A plasma -> Anti B plasma

O plasma (anti A and anti B plasma)

Uniplas

52
Q

What type of plasma can be given to group B patients

A

Uniplas

B group (anti-A plasma)

53
Q

What type of plasma can be given to group A patients

A

Uniplas

A group (anti-B plasma)

54
Q

What plasma can be given to AB group

A

Uniplas

55
Q

Who can group O octaplas be given to?

A

Group O patients

56
Q

Group O can get platelets from who?

A

O
A
B
AB

57
Q

Group B can get platelets from who?

A

B, A or AB

58
Q

Group A can get platelets from who?

A

A, B or AB

59
Q

Group AB can get platelets from who?

A

A or B

60
Q

Why do you rarely give group O platelets?

A

Anti A and B antibodies

61
Q

How does a mismatch occur?
(2)

A

Wrong unit is administered

Wrong sample is in the tube (wrong person’s blood)

62
Q

What happens in a mismatch

A

Intravascular haemolysis

Classical complement pathway activation

Renal Failure

2.2 Transfusion Science (22 decks)

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