Donors and Blood Collection Flashcards
What is the shelf life of blood
35 days
What percentage of people need a transfusion in their lifetime?
1 in 4 will need a transfusion
How many donations does the IBTS need a year?
150,000
Where can you donate blood in Ireland?
(2)
Dublin of d’Olier Street (blood) and IBTS (platelets), Bloodmobile
Ardee, Carlow, Cork, Limerick, Tuam
How many patients need a blood transfusion a year?
70,000
How many donations are needed a week?
3,000
How many people are currently active donors?
1 in 450 members
Do we pay our donors?
Not in Ireland except for plasma donors
Otherwise it’s volunteers
How do we maintain adequate blood donations
(2)
This relies on the promotion of the concept of donation using the public
To combat negative publicity and reduced donor numbers is a major task now for many Transfusion Services
Why don’t we use our own plasma in Ireland
Due to variant CJD
We don’t have a test to detect this
We are starting to use our own plasma now for those undergoing cornea transplant as its been 20 years since CJD
What do we do with our plasma if we don’t use it?
It’s donated for research purposes
Where do we get out plasma
We buy it in -> Octoplas
What is aphoresis
Patient donates their platelets but the red cells and plasma are given pack
What is pooled platelets
Four buffy coats of same ABO blood group pooled together
What are the different types of donor?
(6)
Homologous donation: volunteer
Paid
Autologous donation
Direct donor
Apheresis
Therapeutic
Replacement
What is a homologous donation?
(3)
A volunteer donating a single unit for the benefit of others
Most common type of blood donation
Donated blood is for general use -> not reserved for any individual patient
How often can you donate blood?
Every 90 days
What is meant by paid donors?
Usually paid by Commercial Companies - donors are paid in America usually in vouchers etc
What is an autologous donation?
(4)
Donor who is also the proposed recipient
A patient can be transfused with his or her own blood
Collected and stored in advance of a planned operation
i.e. hip replacement, plastic surgery etc
What is a direct donor?
(5)
Donation whereby a friend or family is nominated
Blood provided by a patient’s relatives or friends
Does not reduce the risk of viral transmission
Can be less safe than Homologous Donation
e.g. Transfuse mother’s platelets to her baby
What is an apheresis donor?
(4)
The provision of large amount of a specific component of blood
Blood is drawn from donor into centrifuge
Separates blood - red cells, platelets, white cells, plasma
The required component - platelets, white cells, plasma are then drawn into a collection bag
How often can you donate platelets
Plateletpheresis donors can donate platelets every 28 days
What is a therapeutic donation?
Whereby a haemochromatosis patient requires a transfusion to remove excess iron
What is replacement donation?
Developing world where there is no structure blood donation and supple system of blood banks
Patients bring family members friends, village people to donate them
What are the nine main motivations for donor
Altruism
Peer Pressure -a feature of collections based in, or publicised through, work or college
Enlightened self-interest -> possible future need
Family tradition
Personal or professional experience of transfusion -> have needed a transfusion before or work
Rare blood group of neonatal use
Non-monetary gifts -> lapel badges, recognition of landmark donations
Patriotism
Opportunity for medical testing - some centres offer extra tests e.g. cholesterol testing
Replacement for a family member in developing countries
How does the IBTS recruit donors?
(6)
Increased public awareness via TV/Radio, posters, Facebook etc
Direct marketing -> targeting pre-selected potential donors
School curricula - instill awareness in children
Establish a readily identified national identify - logos, emblems, slogans
Local community volunteers - organise clinics and advertising
Donor recruitment/retention initiatives -> GAA Partnership, Garda cycle, Haemochromatosis
Write about the GAA Donor Recruitment
(5)
Partnership between the GAA and the Irish Blood Transfusion Service
To inform and educate
To encourage and support
To make it convenient for GAA members and supporters to give blood through interaction and promotion at local GAA club level
Why do donors drop out from being donors?
(9)
Lack of time and communication
Unfavourable location or time of the blood donation
Unhappy past experience
Bad handling by the blood bank personnel
Donor reactions at the time of blood donation
Non-availability of blood in time of his/her need
Failure to appreciate the efforts of blood donors
Impression that blood is being mis-utilised
Deferal the last time they went
How do we retain donors?
(5)
No unnecessary deferals and a welcome back for temporary deferrals
Improved administrative factors -> convenient premises, clinic times, queue management, pleasant premises
Well trained, caring staff
Appropriate post donation care
Planned follow up encouraging further donations, tests, letter etc
What are the two aims behind donor selection
Protect the donor
Protect the recipient
How do we determine if someone is safe to donate?
(2)
A questionnaire with a limited physical and medical examination
Criteria should be evidence based, relevant to the local population and regularly reviewed
What are some criteria for selection?
(6)
Aged 18 to 65/70 normally
Can donate up to 4 times a year
Donate approximately 450ml into 63ml of anticoagulant
Need to weight at least 50kg
Haemoglobin levels need to be normal
Blood pressure needs to be normal
What is normal haemoglobin for women?
12.5 g/dl
What is normal haemoglobin for men
13.5 g/dl
What is normal blood pressure
180mmHg/100mmHg
What would permanently exclude you from donating?
(5)
High risk behaviours
Chronic infections e.g. HIV, HBV, Brucellosis
Possible hepatitis A
Risk of CJD - recipients of human pituitary hormones, dura matter grafts
Other diseases of unknown or viral aetiology
What would temporarily exclude/defer a donor
(7)
Sexual contacts of high risk partners
Ear or body piercing
Tattoo, accupuncture
Blood transfusion
Vaccination
Foreign Travel to malaria endemic areas
Pregnancy
What are some key things to remember post donation?
(6)
Suitably qualified staff, using validated written instructions or SOP’s is a must
‘Slow’ donations not used to prepare platelets
Donor rest/refreshments necessary
Advice on ‘potentially hazardous’ activities post donation
Faints more common among first time donors
Donors should be informed about, encouraged to report, adverse reactions
What is some aftercare information after donating?
(9)
Rest for 10 minutes and enjoy some light refreshments
Drink plenty of non-alcoholic fluid after leaving the clinic
Avoid smoking for at least one hour
Do not have a hot bath or shower
Leave your dressing in place for 24 hours
Avoid lifting and strenuous exercise for the rest of the day
Avoid standing for long periods in poorly ventilated areas
If you feel light-headed, lie down immediately and rest and drink plenty of cold fluids to recover
Should bleeding occur, raise your arm, apply pressure for at least 5 minutes and replace dressing
What testing is done on blood donations
(7)
ABO and RhD groups - occasionally other blood groups
Test for unexpected blood group antibodies
Hepatitis B - HbsAg antigen
Humman immunodeficiency virus - HIV 1 and 2 - test for antibody
HTLV 1 and 2 - antibodies
Hepatitis C - HCV virus - test for antibody
Syphilis - test for antibody to the agent responsible - Treponema pallidum
What further testing will be done on blood donations
(4)
Malaria - tests for antibody
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Can cause infection in an immunosuppressed patient, supply with blood from CMV antibody negative donors. Achieved by leucodepletion
HTLV 1 and 2 NAT
Nucleic acid testing for HIV1/2 and HCV
Hep B and Hep E virus
What are some benefits of leucodepletion
Reduced risk of vCJD transmission by blood
Other benefits - less febrile reactions, less (TRALI)
Less alloimmunisation
Less GVHD
Reduce immunosuppressive effects (TRIM)
