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2.2 Transfusion Science > Donors and Blood Collection > Flashcards

Donors and Blood Collection Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shelf life of blood

A

35 days

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2
Q

What percentage of people need a transfusion in their lifetime?

A

1 in 4 will need a transfusion

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3
Q

How many donations does the IBTS need a year?

A

150,000

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4
Q

Where can you donate blood in Ireland?
(2)

A

Dublin of d’Olier Street (blood) and IBTS (platelets), Bloodmobile

Ardee, Carlow, Cork, Limerick, Tuam

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5
Q

How many patients need a blood transfusion a year?

A

70,000

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6
Q

How many donations are needed a week?

A

3,000

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7
Q

How many people are currently active donors?

A

1 in 450 members

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8
Q

Do we pay our donors?

A

Not in Ireland except for plasma donors

Otherwise it’s volunteers

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9
Q

How do we maintain adequate blood donations
(2)

A

This relies on the promotion of the concept of donation using the public

To combat negative publicity and reduced donor numbers is a major task now for many Transfusion Services

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10
Q

Why don’t we use our own plasma in Ireland

A

Due to variant CJD
We don’t have a test to detect this
We are starting to use our own plasma now for those undergoing cornea transplant as its been 20 years since CJD

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11
Q

What do we do with our plasma if we don’t use it?

A

It’s donated for research purposes

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12
Q

Where do we get out plasma

A

We buy it in -> Octoplas

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13
Q

What is aphoresis

A

Patient donates their platelets but the red cells and plasma are given pack

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14
Q

What is pooled platelets

A

Four buffy coats of same ABO blood group pooled together

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15
Q

What are the different types of donor?
(6)

A

Homologous donation: volunteer
Paid
Autologous donation
Direct donor
Apheresis
Therapeutic
Replacement

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16
Q

What is a homologous donation?
(3)

A

A volunteer donating a single unit for the benefit of others

Most common type of blood donation

Donated blood is for general use -> not reserved for any individual patient

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17
Q

How often can you donate blood?

A

Every 90 days

18
Q

What is meant by paid donors?

A

Usually paid by Commercial Companies - donors are paid in America usually in vouchers etc

19
Q

What is an autologous donation?
(4)

A

Donor who is also the proposed recipient

A patient can be transfused with his or her own blood

Collected and stored in advance of a planned operation

i.e. hip replacement, plastic surgery etc

20
Q

What is a direct donor?
(5)

A

Donation whereby a friend or family is nominated

Blood provided by a patient’s relatives or friends

Does not reduce the risk of viral transmission

Can be less safe than Homologous Donation

e.g. Transfuse mother’s platelets to her baby

21
Q

What is an apheresis donor?
(4)

A

The provision of large amount of a specific component of blood

Blood is drawn from donor into centrifuge

Separates blood - red cells, platelets, white cells, plasma

The required component - platelets, white cells, plasma are then drawn into a collection bag

22
Q

How often can you donate platelets

A

Plateletpheresis donors can donate platelets every 28 days

23
Q

What is a therapeutic donation?

A

Whereby a haemochromatosis patient requires a transfusion to remove excess iron

24
Q

What is replacement donation?

A

Developing world where there is no structure blood donation and supple system of blood banks

Patients bring family members friends, village people to donate them

25
Q

What are the nine main motivations for donor

A

Altruism
Peer Pressure -a feature of collections based in, or publicised through, work or college
Enlightened self-interest -> possible future need
Family tradition
Personal or professional experience of transfusion -> have needed a transfusion before or work
Rare blood group of neonatal use
Non-monetary gifts -> lapel badges, recognition of landmark donations
Patriotism
Opportunity for medical testing - some centres offer extra tests e.g. cholesterol testing
Replacement for a family member in developing countries

26
Q

How does the IBTS recruit donors?
(6)

A

Increased public awareness via TV/Radio, posters, Facebook etc

Direct marketing -> targeting pre-selected potential donors

School curricula - instill awareness in children

Establish a readily identified national identify - logos, emblems, slogans

Local community volunteers - organise clinics and advertising

Donor recruitment/retention initiatives -> GAA Partnership, Garda cycle, Haemochromatosis

27
Q

Write about the GAA Donor Recruitment
(5)

A

Partnership between the GAA and the Irish Blood Transfusion Service

To inform and educate
To encourage and support
To make it convenient for GAA members and supporters to give blood through interaction and promotion at local GAA club level

28
Q

Why do donors drop out from being donors?
(9)

A

Lack of time and communication

Unfavourable location or time of the blood donation

Unhappy past experience

Bad handling by the blood bank personnel

Donor reactions at the time of blood donation

Non-availability of blood in time of his/her need

Failure to appreciate the efforts of blood donors

Impression that blood is being mis-utilised

Deferal the last time they went

29
Q

How do we retain donors?
(5)

A

No unnecessary deferals and a welcome back for temporary deferrals

Improved administrative factors -> convenient premises, clinic times, queue management, pleasant premises

Well trained, caring staff

Appropriate post donation care

Planned follow up encouraging further donations, tests, letter etc

30
Q

What are the two aims behind donor selection

A

Protect the donor

Protect the recipient

31
Q

How do we determine if someone is safe to donate?
(2)

A

A questionnaire with a limited physical and medical examination

Criteria should be evidence based, relevant to the local population and regularly reviewed

32
Q

What are some criteria for selection?
(6)

A

Aged 18 to 65/70 normally

Can donate up to 4 times a year

Donate approximately 450ml into 63ml of anticoagulant

Need to weight at least 50kg

Haemoglobin levels need to be normal

Blood pressure needs to be normal

33
Q

What is normal haemoglobin for women?

A

12.5 g/dl

34
Q

What is normal haemoglobin for men

A

13.5 g/dl

35
Q

What is normal blood pressure

A

180mmHg/100mmHg

36
Q

What would permanently exclude you from donating?
(5)

A

High risk behaviours

Chronic infections e.g. HIV, HBV, Brucellosis

Possible hepatitis A

Risk of CJD - recipients of human pituitary hormones, dura matter grafts

Other diseases of unknown or viral aetiology

37
Q

What would temporarily exclude/defer a donor
(7)

A

Sexual contacts of high risk partners

Ear or body piercing

Tattoo, accupuncture

Blood transfusion

Vaccination

Foreign Travel to malaria endemic areas

Pregnancy

38
Q

What are some key things to remember post donation?
(6)

A

Suitably qualified staff, using validated written instructions or SOP’s is a must

‘Slow’ donations not used to prepare platelets

Donor rest/refreshments necessary

Advice on ‘potentially hazardous’ activities post donation

Faints more common among first time donors

Donors should be informed about, encouraged to report, adverse reactions

39
Q

What is some aftercare information after donating?
(9)

A

Rest for 10 minutes and enjoy some light refreshments

Drink plenty of non-alcoholic fluid after leaving the clinic

Avoid smoking for at least one hour

Do not have a hot bath or shower

Leave your dressing in place for 24 hours

Avoid lifting and strenuous exercise for the rest of the day

Avoid standing for long periods in poorly ventilated areas

If you feel light-headed, lie down immediately and rest and drink plenty of cold fluids to recover

Should bleeding occur, raise your arm, apply pressure for at least 5 minutes and replace dressing

40
Q

What testing is done on blood donations
(7)

A

ABO and RhD groups - occasionally other blood groups

Test for unexpected blood group antibodies

Hepatitis B - HbsAg antigen

Humman immunodeficiency virus - HIV 1 and 2 - test for antibody

HTLV 1 and 2 - antibodies

Hepatitis C - HCV virus - test for antibody

Syphilis - test for antibody to the agent responsible - Treponema pallidum

41
Q

What further testing will be done on blood donations
(4)

A

Malaria - tests for antibody

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Can cause infection in an immunosuppressed patient, supply with blood from CMV antibody negative donors. Achieved by leucodepletion

HTLV 1 and 2 NAT

Nucleic acid testing for HIV1/2 and HCV

Hep B and Hep E virus

42
Q

What are some benefits of leucodepletion

A

Reduced risk of vCJD transmission by blood

Other benefits - less febrile reactions, less (TRALI)

Less alloimmunisation

Less GVHD

Reduce immunosuppressive effects (TRIM)

2.2 Transfusion Science (22 decks)

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