the abdomen pt3 retroperitoneal Flashcards
unit 3 the abdomen and pelvis
What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left abdominal cavity, touching the spleen?
Pancreas
What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?
Head
What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?
Body
What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?
Tail
What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?
Pancreatic duct
What are ductless glands whose products are secreted directly into the blood?
endocrine glands
What are regulatory chemicals secreted directly into the blood by the ductless glands and carried to target cells that respond by an alteration of their metabolism?
Hormones
What is the study of the endocrine system?
Endocrinology
What characteristic of endocrine glands ensures that their products enter the bloodstream immediately?
They are highly vascular
What is a heterocrine gland?
A gland that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions
What are the clusters of endocrine cells of the pancreas?
Pancreatic islets
The pancreas produces what hormones to regulate blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Glucagon
What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?
Billiary apparatus
What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?
Left and right hepatic ducts
Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?
Common hepatic duct
What structure carries bile to and from the gallbadder?
Cystic duct
The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?
Common bile duct
What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?
Major duodenal papilla
How many adrenal glands are there?
Two
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On the superior surface of each kidney
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
The adrenal cortex produces what group of hormones?
Corticosteroids
-aldosterone (increases BP and Salt retention
-cortisol (increase blood sugar)
-DHEA (important for sex hormone production)
The adrenal medulla is a part of what portion of the nervous system?
Sympathetic division of the ANS
The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Norepinephrine
What specialty in medicine focuses on the urinary system?
Urology
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What are the organs of the urinary tract?
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
List the functions of the urinary system.
Remove waster products
Storage of urine
Excretion of urine
Blood volume regulation
Regulation of erythrocyte production
(Regulation of pH of the blood)
(regulation of electrolytes)
In relation to the peritoneum, what is the position of the kidneys?
Retroperitoneal
Where are the kidneys located?
The superior pole of each kidney is about at the level of T12
The inferior pole is about at the level of L3
One kidney is lower than the other. Which one? Why?
Right kidney
Large size of the right lobe of the liver
In what part of a kidney do the vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to it?
Hilum
What internal space of a kidney houses the renal arteries , renal veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat?
Renal sinus
What layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney maintaining its shape, protecting it from trauma, and preventing the spread of infectious pathogens?
Fibrous (renal) capsule
What layer of lipid-filled cells completely surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning and insulation?
Perinephric (perirenal) fat or adipose capsule
In a coronal section what is the outer, granular layer?
Renal cortex
In a coronal section what is the darker inner layer?
Renal medulla
What are the triangular shaped structures within the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in coronal section?
Renal pyramids (medullary pyramids)
In the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in a coronal section what structures lay between the triangular shaped structures?
Renal columns
What part of a renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus?
Renal papilla
What funnel-shaped structure attaches to a renal pyramid to collect urine?
Minor calyx
The funnel-shaped structures attached to the renal pyramids within the renal sinus merge to form what still larger structures?
Major calyces
What large, funnel-shaped structure within the renal sinus collects urine and delivers it to the ureter?
Renal pelvis
What is the main blood supply to the kidney?
Renal artery
What vein drains the kidney?
Renal vein
What long, fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
What is the location of the ureters?
Retroperitoneal
What rhythmic movements of smooth muscle propel urine along the length of a ureter?
Peristalsis
Pain from a ureter is projected to what dermatomes? Where are these located?
T11-L2 (loin-groin)
From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?
The lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal chord
What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?
Sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia
What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments
What does “splanchnic” mean?
Visceral
What is a “plexus”?
The word mean “to plait” or braid.
In anatomy this word is used to describe interwoven networks of nerves or blood vessels
What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
Splanchnic nerves
Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
What pathway is postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?
Splanchnic nerve pathway
What pathway in the sympathetic division goes to the adrenal medulla?
Adrenal medulla pathway
What are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?
Autonomic plexuses
What structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?
Prevertebral ganglia
List the three prevertebral ganglia.
Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?
L1-L4
