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anat unit3 > the abdomen pt3 retroperitoneal > Flashcards

the abdomen pt3 retroperitoneal Flashcards

unit 3 the abdomen and pelvis

1
Q

What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left abdominal cavity, touching the spleen?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?

A

Head

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3
Q

What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?

A

Body

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4
Q

What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?

A

Tail

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5
Q

What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct

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6
Q

What are ductless glands whose products are secreted directly into the blood?

A

endocrine glands

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7
Q

What are regulatory chemicals secreted directly into the blood by the ductless glands and carried to target cells that respond by an alteration of their metabolism?

A

Hormones

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8
Q

What is the study of the endocrine system?

A

Endocrinology

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9
Q

What characteristic of endocrine glands ensures that their products enter the bloodstream immediately?

A

They are highly vascular

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10
Q

What is a heterocrine gland?

A

A gland that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions

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11
Q

What are the clusters of endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets

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12
Q

The pancreas produces what hormones to regulate blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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13
Q

What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?

A

Billiary apparatus

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14
Q

What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

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15
Q

Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?

A

Common hepatic duct

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16
Q

What structure carries bile to and from the gallbadder?

A

Cystic duct

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17
Q

The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?

A

Common bile duct

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18
Q

What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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19
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?

A

Major duodenal papilla

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20
Q

How many adrenal glands are there?

A

Two

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21
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On the superior surface of each kidney

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22
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

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23
Q

The adrenal cortex produces what group of hormones?

A

Corticosteroids
-aldosterone (increases BP and Salt retention
-cortisol (increase blood sugar)
-DHEA (important for sex hormone production)

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24
Q

The adrenal medulla is a part of what portion of the nervous system?

A

Sympathetic division of the ANS

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25
Q

The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Norepinephrine

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26
Q

What specialty in medicine focuses on the urinary system?

A

Urology

27
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

28
Q

What are the organs of the urinary tract?

A

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

29
Q

List the functions of the urinary system.

A

Remove waster products
Storage of urine
Excretion of urine
Blood volume regulation
Regulation of erythrocyte production
(Regulation of pH of the blood)
(regulation of electrolytes)

30
Q

In relation to the peritoneum, what is the position of the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal

31
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

The superior pole of each kidney is about at the level of T12
The inferior pole is about at the level of L3

32
Q

One kidney is lower than the other. Which one? Why?

A

Right kidney
Large size of the right lobe of the liver

33
Q

In what part of a kidney do the vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to it?

A

Hilum

34
Q

What internal space of a kidney houses the renal arteries , renal veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat?

A

Renal sinus

35
Q

What layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney maintaining its shape, protecting it from trauma, and preventing the spread of infectious pathogens?

A

Fibrous (renal) capsule

36
Q

What layer of lipid-filled cells completely surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning and insulation?

A

Perinephric (perirenal) fat or adipose capsule

37
Q

In a coronal section what is the outer, granular layer?

A

Renal cortex

38
Q

In a coronal section what is the darker inner layer?

A

Renal medulla

39
Q

What are the triangular shaped structures within the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in coronal section?

A

Renal pyramids (medullary pyramids)

40
Q

In the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in a coronal section what structures lay between the triangular shaped structures?

A

Renal columns

41
Q

What part of a renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus?

A

Renal papilla

42
Q

What funnel-shaped structure attaches to a renal pyramid to collect urine?

A

Minor calyx

43
Q

The funnel-shaped structures attached to the renal pyramids within the renal sinus merge to form what still larger structures?

A

Major calyces

44
Q

What large, funnel-shaped structure within the renal sinus collects urine and delivers it to the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

45
Q

What is the main blood supply to the kidney?

A

Renal artery

46
Q

What vein drains the kidney?

A

Renal vein

47
Q

What long, fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

48
Q

What is the location of the ureters?

A

Retroperitoneal

49
Q

What rhythmic movements of smooth muscle propel urine along the length of a ureter?

A

Peristalsis

50
Q

Pain from a ureter is projected to what dermatomes? Where are these located?

A

T11-L2 (loin-groin)

51
Q

From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?

A

The lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal chord

52
Q

What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?

A

Sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia

53
Q

What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

54
Q

What does “splanchnic” mean?

A

Visceral

55
Q

What is a “plexus”?

A

The word mean “to plait” or braid.
In anatomy this word is used to describe interwoven networks of nerves or blood vessels

56
Q

What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

A

Splanchnic nerves

57
Q

Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?

A

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

58
Q

What pathway is postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?

A

Splanchnic nerve pathway

59
Q

What pathway in the sympathetic division goes to the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenal medulla pathway

60
Q

What are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?

A

Autonomic plexuses

61
Q

What structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

62
Q

List the three prevertebral ganglia.

A

Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion

63
Q

What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

64
Q

The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?

A

L1-L4

anat unit3 (8 decks)

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