The Abdomen, Pelvis and Pelvic limb AND Vessels & Nerves of the Abdominal Viscera Flashcards
Quiz 5
The abdominal muscles (wall) receives vascular supply from
1- cranial abdominal a.
2- cranial epigastric a.
3- caudal epigastric a.
4- deep circumflex iliac aa.
The ventral and lateral abdominal wall receives nervous supply from:
Cranial iliohypogastric n. (L1)
Caudal iliohypogastric n. (L2)
Ilioinguinal n. (L3)
Lateral cutaneous femoral n. (L4)
Pertaining to Ilium
Ilio
Pertaining to ventral part of abdomen
Hypo
Pertaining to
Stomach
Gastric
Start of the Deep vessels (arteries) of the abdominal wall
Abdominal Aorta
The Abdominal Aorta gives rise to
External Iliac a.
The External Iliac a. gives rise to
Femoral a.
Deep femoral a.
The Deep femoral a. gives rise to
pudendoepigastric trunk
The Pudendoepigastric trunk gives rise to
Caudal epigastric a.
Ext pudendal a.
The Ext pudendal a. gives rise to
Caudal superficial
epigastric a. (cse)
What does the Caudal superficial epigastric a. (cse) supply to
Supplies cranial and caudal abdominal +
inguinal mammae and prepuce in male A small dorsal branch of the c.s.e.
Male: supply scrotum
Female: supply labia
External pudendal a. Origin
Originates from pudendoepigastric trunk
External pudendal a. gives rise to
Caudal superficial epigastric a.
External pudendal a. Emerges from
Superficial Inguinal ring
External pudendal a. supplies to
Gracilis muscle
The double peritoneal fold which encloses the spermatic cord and the testis; made up of a visceral layer which is adherent to the testis and cord, and a parietal layer
which lines the scrotum and the inguinal canal.
Vaginal Tunic
The diverticulum which encloses the round ligament of the uterus; found in free edge of the “perpendicular” sheet of the broad ligament;
passes from caudal pole of the ovary to (and usually through) the inguinal canal.
Vaginal process
Structures passing through the Male inguinal canal.
External pudendal artery and vein
Genitofemoral nerve
Cremaster muscle
Spermatic cord
Where does the Genitofemoral nerve in the male arise from?
Arises from ventral branch of L3 and L4
What does the Genitofemoral nerve innervate?
Innervates Cremaster muscle and a part of the prepuce
Where does the cremaster arise from?
Arises from the internal abdominal oblique m. and attaches to parietal vaginal tunic near the testis.
What is the action/ function of the cremaster muscle?
Raise and lower the scrotum in order to regulate the temperature of the testis and promote
spermatogenesis.
What does the spemaritc chord contain?
Vas deferens
Testicular a.
Testicular vein (pampiniform plexus)
Testicular lymph vessels
Testicular nerve plexus (L3 – L5 )-ANS
How is the spermatic chord carried through the inguinal canal?
Carried through the inguinal canal by the descent
of the testis
Structures passing through the Female inguinal canal.
External pudendal artery and vein
Genitofemoral nerve
Vaginal process
What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate?
Pubic area
What does the vaginal process contain?
Peritoneal diverticulum
accompanied by round
ligament of uterus.
Fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm and also attaches
to the liver
Falciform ligament
Found in the free margin of falciform ligament
Round ligament of the liver
Fetal remnant of the umbilical vein
Round ligament of the liver
What does the median ligament in the fetus contain?
The urachus* (stalk of the embryonic allantois)
The umbilical artery as it is continuous from the lateral ligaments (round lig. of bladder).
Located caudal to the umbilicus, attaches to bladder
Median ligament of the bladder
Fetal remnant of the Allantois (an embryonic membrane); a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus
that runs within the umbilical cord.
Urachus
Branches of Internal Iliac arteries
Umbilical arteries
The remnants of the umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the bladder.
Round ligament of bladder
An internal organ of the abdomen.
Viscus (plural: viscera)
Name of the space between the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum
Omental bursa
Doubled-layered sac that attaches to the greater curvature of stomach. Lacelike with fat deposition along vessels and covers to the jejunum and ileum
Greater Omentum
Name of the two leaves of the Greater omentum and what they contain
Superficial leaf ( ventral body wall) contains spleen
Deep leaf (abdominal organs) contains the left lobe of the pancreas
Section of greater
omentum that attaches spleen to stomach
Gastroplenic ligament
Lies on the floor of pelvic inlet (area between abdomen and pelvis)
Urinary when contracted (empty)
Lies on the floor of abdomen and adapts in shape by displacing movable viscera (can reach transverse plane to umbilicus
Urinary when distended (full)
Small and consist of short cervix, body,
two long horns.
When gravid, lies on the floor of abdomen, horns gravitate cranially and ventrally to lie medial to costal
arch
Uterus
Located in the superficial leaf (omentum) along greater curvature of stomach. Caudally, it can reach a transverse plane to midlumbar region
Spleen
Closely associated with the circulatory
system, where it functions in the
destruction of old red blood cells
Provides lymphocytes/ antibodies to immune system, hence its absence may lead to a predisposition to certain infections
Spleen
If anesthetized with a barbiturate, it
may be abnormally enlarged. Barbiturates relax smooth muscle tone, allowing for pooling of blood in splenic sinusoids
Spleen
Muscular partition between thoracic and
abdominal cavities
Muscle of inspiration
Contains:
Tendinous center: v-shaped and non-muscular
Muscular periphery (lumbar, costal, sternal)
Diaphragm
Cranial part of diaphragm that bulges into thorax
Cupula
Passageway for aorta,
azygos vein, thoracic duct
Aortic hiatus
Passageway for
esophagus, vagal nerve trunk, esophageal
vessels
Esophageal hiatus
Passageway for caudal
vena cava
Caval foramen
Diaphragm arterial supply
The phrenic a. (from
(phrenicoabdominal a.) between cranial mesenteric a. and renal a.
Secretes bile salts which emulsify ingested fat; bile is stored in the gallbladder
Liver
The six lobes of the Liver
Right medial lobe
Right lateral lobe
Quadrate lobe
Left medial lobe
Left lateral lobe
Caudate lobe
Which lobe contains
the fossa for the gallbladder?
Right Medial Lobe
Why is the Left lateral lobe concave?
Gastric Impression
Caudate process
Renal Impression of the caudate lobe of the liver
Papillary process
(Caudaute lobe)
Lies in lesser curvature of stomach
Located in a fossa between the quadrate and right medial lobe of the liver
Gallbladder
The neck area of the gallbladder continues as
Cystic Duct
Union of hepatic and cystic ducts form the
Bile duct
The bile duct courses through the wall of descending duodenum and terminates at the
Major duodenal Papilla
Secretes proteolytic/ digestive enzymes and insulin (hormone that controls blood sugar levels)
Located in greater omentum
Pancreas
Three parts of the pancreas
Right/left lobe and body
Empties with bile duct into duodenum at the
major duodenal papilla
Pancreatic duct (smaller)
Empties into duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla
Accessory pancreatic duct (larger)
The dog’s stomach is
Monogastric
Examples of monogastric species:
dog, rabbit, pig, horse, human
Situated near esophagus,
prevents backflow
Cardiac part (Stomach)
Dome shaped; lies left and dorsal to cardia
Fundus (Stomach)
Largest middle portion of Stomach
Body
Narrowing portion of
stomach into pyloric cana
Pyloric antrum
Junction of pyloric canal with duodenum
Pylorus (Stomach)
The horse’s hindgut fermenter; fermentation
system analagous to the rumen
The cecum (large intestine)
What nutrients flow into the horse’s large intestine where it is subjected to
fermentation?
Structural carbohydrates like cellulose and
hemicellulose, along with starch and other
soluble carbohydrates that escape digestion in the small intestine
What is the major difference between the digestive strategy of horses and ruminants?
The large quantity of microbial protein generated in the equine large gut is wasted because there is no opportunity there for significant absorption of amino acids.
A ruminant’s stomach is
Polygastric
Examples of ruminants: cow, sheep, goat, bison,
deer, giraffes
Ruminant digestion pathway
Feed→Eosophagus→ Rumen (papillae)→ Reticulum (honeycomb)
(magnet- hardware disease)→ Omasum (leaflets)→ Abomasum (true stomach)→ Small intestine
The Small Intestine contains:
Duodenum
Jejulum
Ileum
Most fixed part of small intestine, starts at the pylorus, suspended by the mesoduodenum (part of peritoneum) and breakdown of food.
Duodenum
What is the arterial supply of the duodenum?
cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. which arises from the celiac a.
Sympathetic innervation of the duodenum
Splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion (major splanchnic nerve )
Parasympathetic innervation of the duodenum
Vagus (X) nerve
Forms the coils of small intestine and absorbs nutrients
Jejunum
What is the arterial supply of the jejunum?
Branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Parasympathetic innervation of the jejunum
Vagus (X) nerve.
Sympathetic innervation of the jejunum
Splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve
Terminal portion of small intestine, Connects with ascending colon at the ileocolic orifice, Absorption of products of digestion
and Final stage of enzyme and carbohydrate digestion
Ileum
What is the arterial supply of the Ileum?
Branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Parasympathetic innervation of the Ileum
Vagus (X) nerve.
Sympathetic innervation of the Ileum
Splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
The Large intestines contain:
Cecum
Colon
S-shaped blind tube located at the junction of the ileum and colon. Communicates with the ascending colon at the cecocolic orifice. In carnivores, it is small and its function is unclear. In herbivores (horse) it is large due to the large number of bacteria which aid in the
enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose.
Cecum
What is the Arterial supply of the cecum?
Branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Sympathetic innervation of cecum
Splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
Parasympathetic innervation of cecum
Vagus (X) nerve.
Water absorption and the descending part is continuous with the rectum.
Colon
What is the arterial supply of the ascending and transverse colon?
Branches of the cranial mesenteric a.
What is the arterial supply of the descending colon?
Caudal mesenteric a.
Parasympathetic innervation of the ascending colon
Vagus nerve fibers
Parasympathetic innervation of the transverse colon
Vagus nerve fibers
Parasympathetic innervation of the descending colon
Pelvic nerve
Sympathetic innervation of the ascending colon
Splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
Sympathetic innervation of the transverse colon
Splanchnic fibers from the cranial & caudal
mesenteric ganglion
Sympathetic innervation of the descending colon
Lumbar part of sympathetic trunk, hypogastric n.
Located near the caudal pole of kidneys
Enclosed in a thin-walled peritoneal sac called the ovarian bursa
Ovaries
Fimbriated structure that catches the ova after ovulation
Leads into uterine tube
Infundibulum
Small tube leaving the bursa leading to the
uterine horn
Uterine tube
Junction of uterine tube into uterine horn
Tubouterine junction
Holds the ovary in a fixed position, attached to the body wall
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Short, attaches the ovary to cranial end of uterine horn
Proper ligament of ovary
Broad ligaments of uterus (3)
Mesometrium
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Which peritoneal layers form the wall of the ovarian bursa (broad ligaments of uterus)?
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Extends from the abdominal wall to the ovaries, horns and uterine body. It supports the reproductive tract in place.
Mesometrium
Continuation of mesometrium. Attaches the ovary to lateral sublumbar region.
Mesovarium
Peritoneum that attaches the uterine tube to the mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Peritoneal recess (sinus – cleft)
created by the mesosalpinx, mesovarium, and
ovary itself.
Ovariam bursa
Homologue of the embryonic gubernaculum (aids in the descent of gonads). Has no function in the adult.
Round ligament of the uterus
The uterus receives vascular supply from
Anastomosing
ovarian and uterine arteries.
Sympathetic innervation of the uterus is paired through
Left and right hypogastric nerves
Parasympathetic innervation of the uterus is paired through
Pelvic nerves
A bacterial uterine infection that causes inflammation of the uterus. This condition is often associated with the retained placenta or fetuses, after the delivery of a large litter of puppies. The open cervix facilitates easy entry of the bacteria in the uterus of the dogs.The retention of placenta, fetuses and other tissues in the uterus provides a growth medium to the bacteria. The bacteria
causing these infections are coliform bacteria like Escheria coli. They spread quickly into the blood and can cause serious dog health hazards.
Metritis in dogs
An infection in the
uterus mainly affecting middle-aged female dogs that have not been spayed. A hormonal abnormality in which an overquantity of progesterone or
oversensitiveness of the uterus to progesterone causes it and cysts to form
in the lining of the uterus. It follows a heat cycle in which fertilization did not
occur. Typically, within two to four months after the cycle, the female starts showing
signs of the disease.
Pyometra in dogs
Carries both sensory and motor fibers from and to viscera.
At the root of the lungs, R & L divides into dorsal and ventral branches.
Vagus nerve (Cranial 10)
Abdominal aortic plexuses
Celiac
Cranial mesenteric
Caudal mesenteric Adrenal
Aorticorenal
The abdominal aortic plexuses are named according
To the branch of the aorta they are
associated with
Parasympathetic axons
follow respective arteries
Branch meeting near the diaphragm
Dorsal branch
Dorsal/ventral bramch forms the
Dorsal/ventral vagal trunk
Located on dorsal
surface of terminal part of esophagus
Dorsal vagal trunk
Gives off the celiac
branch → contributing to celiac and cranial mesenteric plexuses.
Dorsal vagal trunk
Branch meeting caudal to root of lung
Ventral Branch
Located on
ventral surface of terminal part of esophagus.
Ventral vagal trunk
Supplies the liver,
stomach and pylorus
Ventral vagal trunk
Pass through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and course along the lesser curvature of the stomach
Ventral and dorsal vagal trunk
Paired nerves that innervate the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs (which are also known as visceral afferent fibers). All carry sympathetic fibers except for the
pelvic ones, which carry parasympathetic fibers.
Splanchnic nerves
Groups of splanchnic nerves (ganglions, trunks, plexuses)
→ Sympathetic trunk &
splanchnic n.
- major splanchnic n.
- minor splanchnic n.
- lumbar splanchnic n.
→ Celiacomesenteric
ganglion & plexuses
- celiac ganglion
- cranial mesenteric
ganglion
→ Caudal mesenteric
ganglion
→ Sacral Splanchnic n.
(sacral part of
sympathetic trunk)
→ Pelvic Plexus
- sympathetic fibers
from hypogastric
nerves
- parasympathetic
fibers from pelvic
nerve
Leaves the sympathetic trunk at the level of the twelfth or thirteenth thoracic sympathetic ganglion. It passes dorsal to the crus of the diaphragm, enters the abdominal cavity, and courses to the adrenal gland and then to the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion and plexuses.
Major Splanchnic nerve
Generally two, usually leave the last thoracic and first lumbar sympathetic ganglia. They supply nerves to the adrenal gland, and they terminate in the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglia and plexuses.
Minor splanchnic nerves
Arise from the second to fifth lumbar sympathetic ganglia. In general they are distributed to the aorticorenal, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia and plexuses.
Lumbar Splanchnic nerves
The celiac artery gives rise to
Hepatic a.
Left gastric a.
Splenic a.
The hepathic artery gives rise to
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. Right gastric a
Cranial Mesenteric a. gives rise to
Ileocolic a.
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal a.
Jenunal aa
Ileocolic a. gives rise to
Middle colic a.
Right colic a.
Middle colic a. Gives rise to
Left colic a.
Phrenicoabdominal trunk gives rise to
Caudal phrenic a.
Cranial abdominal a.
Right testicular/ ovarian vein drain into
Caudal vena cava
Left testicular/ovarian vein drain into
Letf renal vein
Branches of portal veins that drain
blood from _____ to ____
Abdominal viscera
Liver
Drains the pancreas,
stomach, duodenum and greater omentum
Gastroduodenal v.
Drains the spleen, stomach, pancreas, greater omentum,
lesser curvature of stomach (left gastric v.)
Splenic v.
Drains the caudal
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right lobe of pancreas
Cranial mesenteric v.
Drains the cecum
and colon.
Caudal mesenteric v.
Drains the jejunum
Jejunal veins
Veins which carry blood to the liver
where it gets filtered by passing through
capillary bed of sinusoids before it exits through hepatic veins to enter the caudal vena cava leading to the heart.
Portal veins
Portal veins
Gastroduodenal v.
Splenic v.
Cranial mesenteric v.
Caudal mesenteric v.
Jejunal veins
Special capillaries
(channels) that receive blood from terminal branches of the
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein and deliver it into central
veins.
Hepatic sinusoids
Lies medial to coccygeus m.
Origin: medial edge of shaft of the ilium and
the dorsal surface of the pubis and pelvic symphysis.
Insertion:compact disks 3 to 7
Action: Supports the floor of the pelvis and
also controls the passage of feces.
Levator ani m.
Lies lateral to levator ani m.
Origin: ischiatic spine
Insertion: transverse processes of Cd 2 to 4
Action: assists in raising and supporting
the pelvic floor.
Coccygeus m.
Coccygeus and levator ani combined form the
Pelvic diaphragm
Contains sympathetic fibers from hypogastric nerve and parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve.
Pevic plexus
Formed by parasympathetic
axons leaving the ventral branches of S1-S2-S3
Supplies branches to the urogenital organs, the rectum and descending colon
Pelvic nerve
The aorta gives rise to _______ Iliac arteries
External Iliac a. (becomes femoral a.) Internal Iliac a.
The internal iliac a. gives rise to
Umbilical a.
Caudal gluteal a.
Internal pudendal a.
The caudal gluteal a. gives rise to
Iliolumbar a.
Cranial gluteal a.
The internal pudendal a. gives rise to the
Vaginal a. [Prostatic a.]
Ventral perineal a.
Artery of the clitoris [artery of the penis]
The artery of the penis gives rise to the
Bulb of penis a.
Deep a. of penis
Dorsal a. of penis
The ventral perineal a. gives rise to the
Caudal rectal a.
The vaginal a. [Prostatic a.] gives rise to the
Middle rectal a. (Supplies rectum & vagina) via caudal branch
Uterine a. [ductus deferens a.] via cranial branch
Caudal vesical a. (supplies bladder)
The caudal vesical a. gives rise to the
Urethral a.
