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Comparative Anatomy (ANSC 251) > Autonomic Nervous System and Heart > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System and Heart Flashcards

Quiz 4

1
Q

Somatic motor and autonomic innervations differ anatomically in two major ways

A
  1. The target organs innervated
  2. The number of neurons in the
    pathway
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2
Q

Pathway which targets skeletal muscles and has a one neuron pathway

A

Somatic Motor Innervation

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3
Q

Patghways which targets smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands and has a two neuron pathway, synapse in an autonomic ganglion

A

Autonomic Innervation

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4
Q

Where is the cell body of the somatic motor neuron located?

A

Ventral horn of the gray matter

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic symoathetic neurons located?

A

Lateral horn of the gray matter

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6
Q

Pathway which has postganglionic and preganglionic axons

A

Autonomic Innervation

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of Autonomic Innervation

A

Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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8
Q

Preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion located adjecent to the spinal column. A long postganglionic axon extends from the autonoomic ganglion to the target organ.

A

Sympathetic pathway division

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9
Q

Preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion located close to or within the organ. A short postganglionic axon innervates the target organ.

A

Parasympathetic pathway division

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10
Q

Branches of communication between each spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk

A

Ramus Communicans

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11
Q

A collection of neuronal cell bodies located
outside the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Ganglion

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12
Q

Nerve which branches from sympathetic trunk ganglion onto another ganglion or gland

A

Splanchnic nerve

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13
Q

Axons that conduct Impulses to the CNS

A

Sensory/ afferent axons

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14
Q

Axons that conduct impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body

A

Motor/Efferent axons

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15
Q

True or false:
Most Nerve have both axons

A

True

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16
Q

Motor Neurons supplying voluntary striated, skeletal muscles

A

Somatic efferent Neurons

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17
Q

Motor neurons supplying involuntary smooth muscle of viscera, blood vessels, cardiac muscles and glands. Peripheral motor part of ANS.

A

Visceral efferent neurons

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18
Q

Pathway of Somatic motor neuron

A

Cell Body in gray matter of Spinal cord or brain stem and axon courses through spinal or cranial nerve to end in innervated muscle (Only one axon)

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19
Q

Pathway of Autonomic motor neuron

A

Preganglionic cell body in the gray matter of CNS (Central nervous system) or Spinal cord → Preganglionic axon → Synapses at Ganglion (Postganglionic cell body) → Postganglionic axon → Innervated structure

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20
Q

Function of ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)

A

To control involuntary activity, maintain homeostasis and respond to stress.

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21
Q

Group of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

A

Nuclei

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22
Q

Occurs between Preganglionic axon ad Postganglionic cell body.

A

Synapse

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23
Q

The sympathetic division located in what region

A

In the gray matter of T1 to L5 (Thoracolumber portion)

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24
Q

Humeral transmitter substance of Sympathetic division

A

Norepinephrine

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25
Q

Function of Sympathetic division

A

Help the body withstand unfavorable environmental conditions or conditions of stress

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26
Q

The preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division are loceted in

A

Spinal cord

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27
Q

Earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart (pectinate muscle)

A

Auricles

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28
Q

Two superior chambers of the heart, receiving the blood.

A

Atria

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29
Q

The right atrium is divided in two

A

1- sinus venarum
2- right auricle

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30
Q

Two lower chambers of the heart, “pumping chambers” (chordae
tendinae, papillary muscles, trabeculae
carneae, trabecula septomarginalis)

A

Ventricles

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31
Q

Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only.

A

Valves of the heart

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32
Q

Right Atrioventricular Valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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33
Q

Left Atrioventricular Valve

A

bicuspid valve

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34
Q

Half-moon shaped flaps growing
out from the lining of the pulmonary a. and
aorta.

A

Semilunar Valves

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35
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Pulmonary trunk

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36
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Aorta

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37
Q

Systemic Blood circulation

A

Cranial/caudal vena cava + Azygos vein (only right) + Coronary sinus → Right Atrium → Right atrioventricular valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Left/right plumonnary arteries (CO2 → O2 exchange)

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38
Q

Pulmonary Blood Circulation

A

Pulmonary Vein → Left
Atrium → Left Atrioventricular valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta

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39
Q

Coronary Blood circulation

A

Supplies the heart via Right/left Coronary arteries originating from the aortic sinus

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40
Q

Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Right atrium and Right Ventrical

A

Aortic sinus → Right coronary artery → Right Atrium + Right Ventrical

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41
Q

Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Coronary Groove

A

Aortic sinus → Left coronary artery → Circumflex
artery

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42
Q

Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Auricular Surface

A

Aortic sinus → Left coronary artery → Paraconal interventricular artery

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43
Q

Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Atrial Surface

A

Aortic sinus → Left coronary artery → Subsinuosal interventricular artery

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44
Q

Deoxygenated blood is returned via

A

Great cardiac vein + Middle cardiac vein + Small cardiac vein → Coronary sinus → Right Atrium

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45
Q

What are the differences in the coronary blood circulation of Dogs and Ruminants/Horse and Pig/Cat

A

Dog and Ruminant: Left coronary artery gives rise to both paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteries/branches

Horse and Pig: Right coronary artery gives rise to the subsinuosal interventricular arteries/branches

Cat: The subsinuosal interventricular artery/branch can arise from either coronary artery but usuallyfrom the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery as in the dog and ruminant

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46
Q

Cardiac muscle with different functions (conduction system)
then ordinary cardiac m. (contraction)

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node
  2. Atriovantricular Node
  3. Atriovanetricular
    bundle (Bundle of
    His) and Purkinje
    fibers
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47
Q

Pacemaker; hundreds of cells located in right atrial wall near superior vena cava

A

Sinoatrial Node

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48
Q

Special cardiac tissue located in right atrium along the lower part of interatrial septum

A

Atrioventricular node

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49
Q

Special cardiac fibers originating in AV node,
extend down septum, become PF at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles.

A

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)& purkinje fibers

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50
Q

Inervation to the heart is done by which division of the ANS

A

Sympathetic division

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51
Q

Sympathetic path to Thoracic Viscera (Includes innervation of the heart)

Origin, Preganglionic Pathway, Ganglions, Postganglionic pathway, Target organs

A

Origin: Mid-Thoracic segments T5-7
Preganglionic Pathway: Ventral Root, Spinal nerve, Ramus communicans, Sympathetic trunk, Ansa Subclavia Ganglions: Left Cervicothoracic ganglion, Left Middle
Cervical ganglion
Postganglionic pathway: Branches from the Ansa Subclavia (Runs with the vagus nerve)
Target organs: Heart, Lungs and Eosophagus

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52
Q

Irregular heart rate in healthy dogs. Increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration.

A

Respiratory Sinus Arythmia (RSA)

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53
Q

Causes of Respiratory Sinus Arythmia (RSA)

A

Results from decreased vagal activity during inspiration (Sympathetic) and increased vagal activity during expiration (Parasympathetic)

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54
Q

A shunt allowing blood to enter the left atrium
from the right atrium. This way, the blood entering the right
atrium will bypass the pulmonary circulation. It closes after birth
to form the Fossa Ovalis.

A

Foramen Ovale

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55
Q

A shunt connecting the pulmonary artery
to the aortic arch that allows most of the blood from the right
ventricle to bypass the fetus’ fluid-filled lungs. After it closes, the
remnant is known as Ligamentum Arteriosum.

A

Ductus arteriosus

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56
Q

Main role of fetal shunts

A

Preferentially shunt
oxygenated blood to the fetal brain.

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57
Q

Shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the descending vena cava. This allows
oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. After it closes, it is called Ligamentum Venosum

A

Ductus venosus

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58
Q

Location of preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division

A

In nuclei in brain stem associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and the three sacral segments of the spinal cord

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59
Q

Location of postganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division

A

In terminal ganglia on or i the cell wall of the structure being innervated

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60
Q

Humeral transmitter substance in the postaganglionc nerve ending in the parasympathetic division

A

Acetylcholine

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61
Q

Function of the parasympathetic division

A

Normal homeostatic activity of the visceral body function and the conservation and restoration of body ressources and reserve

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62
Q

Innervate cutaneous surface of the body, striated muscles, tendons, joints, eye, inner ear.

A

Somatic afferent neurons

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63
Q

Innervate mucosal surface and wall of all tubular visceral organs, exocrine glands and specialized vascularized structures

A

Viscreal afferent neurons

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64
Q

Single neuron between structure innervated and CNS

Cell bodies in Spinal ganglia of all spinal nerves and cranial nerve ganglia

No synapses in ganglia (Synapses in CNS)

A

Afferent/Sensory Neurons

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65
Q

Spinal cord segment → Spinal nerve by means of

A

Dorsal and ventral Roots

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66
Q

Axons of motor neurons leaving the Spinal cord segment

A

Dorsal Roots

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67
Q

Axons of sensory neurons leaving the Spinal cord segment

A

Ventral Roots

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68
Q

When do dorsal and ventral roots merge? what are these merged axons called?

A

Merge just distal to the pspinal ganglion and form the segmental spinal nerve

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69
Q

Location of preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division (Origin)

A

Gray matter of T1-L5 spinal cord segments

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70
Q

Sympathetic division neuron pathway

A

Spinal cord segment (T1-L5) → Ventral root → Spinal nerve (Unites with sensory nerve/dorsal root at level of intervertebral foramen) → Rami communicans (Motor nerve branches of spinal nerve) → Sympathetic trunk ganglion (ventrally join sympathetic trunk) → Synapses at sympathetic trunk ganglion or other ganglion depending on nerve pathway → Postganglionic axon → Innervated organ

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71
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia (Sympathetic division)

A

Celiac ganglion
Cranial mesentric ganglion
Renal and gonadal ganglia
Caudal mesentric ganglion
Pelvic ganglia

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72
Q

Paravertebral

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Middle cervical ganglion
Cranial cervical ganglion

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73
Q

Name of nerve connecting to a prevertebral ganglion

A

Splanchnic nerve

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74
Q

Sympathetic division pathway from sympathetic trunk nerve to target organ

A

Preganglionic axon → T13-L5 portions of sympathetic trunk nerves → Splachnic nerve (courses into abdominal cavity) → Synapses in Paravertebral ganglion → Forms plexuses around main bloods vessels of abdominal organs → Follow terminal branching of blood vessels to rech organ innervated

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75
Q

Sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle and glands of the head

A

Nerve enters sympathetic trunk in cranial thoracic region → Synapses occcurs along the trunk cranially either in sympathetic trunk ganglia, cervicothoracic ganglion, middle cervical ganglion or cranial cervical ganglion → Distributed with blood vessels to innervated structure

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76
Q

Nerve between the cervicothoracic ganglion and the middle cervical ganglion

A

Ansa Subclavia

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77
Q

Sympathetic pathway of pelvic viscera

A

Origin: Lumbar segments (L1-3)
Pregnaglionic pathway: Ventral root → Spinal nerve → Ramus communicans → Sympathetic trunk →Lumbar splanchnic nerve → Caudal mesentric plexus
Ganglion: Caudal mesentric ganglion, some pelvic ganglia
Postganglionic pathway: Left/right hypogasrtic nerve → pelvic plexus → Pelvic viscera
Target organs:
Smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera (urinary tract, genitalia, rectum and anal canal blood vessel of smooth musle

78
Q

Parasympathetic pathway of the pelvic viscera

A

Origin: Sacral segments (S1-3) of spinal cord
Preganglionic pathway: Ventral root → Spinal nerve → Ventral primary branch → Lumbosacral nerve plexus → pelvic nerve → pelvic plexus
Ganglion: Pelvic Ganglia (some in terminal ganglia)
Postganglionic pathway: Direct branches from pelvic plexus to pelvic viscera
Target organs: Smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera (urinary tract, genitalia, descending colon and anal canal blood vessel to penis/clitoris

79
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Heart

A

Increased rate, increased force of contraction (whole heart)

80
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Heart

A

Decreased rate, decreased force of contraction (atria only)

81
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Blood vessels

A

Constriction

82
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Blood vessels

A

Dilation of vessels suplying the penis and clitoris only

83
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Lungs

A

Dilation of bronchioles
Inhibition of mucus secretion

84
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Lungs

A

Constriction of bronchioles
Stimulation of mucus secretion

85
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Digestive tract

A

Decreased motility
Contraction of sphincters
Inhibition of digestive secretions

86
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Digestive tract

A

Increased motility
Relaxation of sphincters
Stimulation of digestive secretions

87
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Urinary Bladder

A

Relaxation

88
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Urinary Bladder

A

Contraction (emptying)

89
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Eye

A

Dilation of pupil
Adjustment of eye for far vision

90
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Eye

A

Constriction of pupil
Adjustment of eye for near vision

91
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Liver

A

Glycogenolysis (Glucose released)

92
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Adipose cells (Fats stores)

A

Lipolysis (Fatty acid release)

93
Q

Effect of sympathetic simulation on Male gonad/genitalia

A

Semen ejaculation

94
Q

Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Male gonad Genitalia

A

Penis erection

95
Q

What surface of the heart is reprensented by this diagram?

A

Auricular surface

96
Q

Name of part 1

A

Aortic arch

97
Q

Name of part 2

A

Left pulmonary artery

98
Q

Name of part 3

A

Left auricle

99
Q

Name of part 4

A

Left pulmonary vein

100
Q

Name of part 5

A

Left atrium

101
Q

Name of part 6

A

Oblique vein of left atrium

102
Q

Name of part 7

A

Great coronary vein

103
Q

Name of part 8

A

Left distal atrial artery

104
Q

Name of part 9

A

Circumflex branch

105
Q

Name of part 10

A

Left ventricular arteries and veins

106
Q

Name of part 11

A

Left ventricle

107
Q

Name of part 12

A

Apex

108
Q

Name of part 13

A

Paraconal interventricular groove

109
Q

Name of part 14

A

Right ventricle

110
Q

Name of part 15

A

Great coronary vein

111
Q

Name of part 16

A

Paraconal interventricular branch

112
Q

Name of part 17

A

Conus arteriosus

113
Q

Name of part 18

A

Right auricle

114
Q

Name of part 19

A

Left coronary artery

115
Q

Name of part 20

A

Left proximal atrail artery

116
Q

Name of part 21

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

117
Q

Name of part 22

A

Left Subclavian artery

118
Q

What is the name of the surface represented by this daigram?

A

Atrial surface

119
Q

Name of part 1

A

Subsinuosal interventricular branch

120
Q

Name of part 2

A

Caudal vena cava

121
Q

Name of part 3

A

Right pulmonary veins

122
Q

Name of part 4

A

Right pulmonary artery

123
Q

Name of part 5

A

Azygos vein

124
Q

Name of part 6

A

Right auricle

125
Q

Name of part 7

A

Cranial vena cava

126
Q

Name of part 8

A

Left subclavian artery

127
Q

Name of part 9

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

128
Q

Name of part 10

A

Descending Aorta

129
Q

Name of part 11

A

Conus arteriosus

130
Q

Name of part 12

A

right proximal atrial artery of atrium

131
Q

Name of part 13

A

Right coronary artery

132
Q

Name of part 14

A

Rigth distal atrial artery of atrium

133
Q

Name of part 15

A

Paraconal interventricular branch

134
Q

Name of part 16

A

Left ventricle

135
Q

Name of part 17

A

Apex

136
Q

Name of part 18

A

Right ventricle

137
Q

Name of part 19

A

Subsinuosal interventricular groove

138
Q

Name of part 20

A

Middle cardiac vein

139
Q

Name of part 1

A

Septal cusp of right atrioventricular valve

140
Q

Name of part 2

A

Parietal cusp of right atrioventricular valve

141
Q

Name of part 3

A

Left semilunar valvula of pulmonary valve

142
Q

Name of part 4

A

Right ventrcle

143
Q

Name of part 5

A

Papillary mucles

144
Q

Name of part 6

A

Trabeculae carnaea

145
Q

Name of part 1

A

Nodule of semilunar valvula

146
Q

Name of part 2

A

Septal semilunar valvula of aortic valve

147
Q

Name of part 3

A

Aortic arch

148
Q

Name of part 4

A

Left semilunar valvula of aortic valve

149
Q

Name of part 5

A

Septal cusps of left atrioventricular valve

150
Q

Name of part 6

A

Papillary muscles

151
Q

Name of part 7

A

Trabeculae carnaea

152
Q

Name of part 8

A

Parietl cusps of left atrioventricular valve

153
Q

Name of part 9

A

Right semilunar valvula of aortic valve

154
Q

Name of part 1

A

Right coronary artery

155
Q

Name of part 2

A

Aortic sinus

156
Q

Name of part 3

A

Circumflex branch

157
Q

Name of part 4

A

Subsinuosal interventricular branch

158
Q

Name of part 5

A

Paraconal interventricular branch

159
Q

Name of part 6

A

Left coronary artery

160
Q

To which species does this coronary system belong to?

A

Horse and Pig

161
Q

To which species does this coronary system belong to?

A

Dog and Ruminant

162
Q

Name of part 1

A

Aortic valve (Coronary located at aortic sinus)

163
Q

Name of part 2

A

Right coronary artery

164
Q

Name of part 3

A

Subsinuosal interventricular branch

165
Q

Name of part 4

A

Circumflex branch

166
Q

Name of part 5

A

Left coronary artery

167
Q

Name of part 6

A

Paraconal interventricular branch

168
Q

Name of part 1

A

Aorta

169
Q

Name of part 2

A

Right coronary artery

170
Q

Name of part 3

A

Aortic sinus

171
Q

Name of part 4

A

Coronary sinus

172
Q

Name of part 5

A

Subsinuosal interventicular branch

173
Q

Name of part 6

A

Great coronary vein

174
Q

Name of part 7

A

Circumflex branch

175
Q

Name of part 8

A

Paraconal interventricular branch

176
Q

Name of part 9

A

Left coronary artery

177
Q

Name of part 1

A

Vagal sensory ganglia

178
Q

Name of part 2

A

Ansa subclavia

179
Q

Name of part 3

A

Vagosympathetic nerve trunk

180
Q

Name of part 4

A

Vagus nerve

181
Q

Name of target organ 5

A

Thoracic viscera

182
Q

Name of part 6

A

Ventral and dorsal vagal branches

183
Q

Name of part 9

A

Dorsal vagal nerve trunk to celiacomesentric nerve plexus

184
Q

Name of target organ 8 and 9

A

Celiac plexus: Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Cranial mesentric plexus: Small intestines cecum, ascending and transverse colon

185
Q

Name of part 1

A

Oblique vein

186
Q

Name of part 2

A

Coronary sinus

187
Q

Name of part 3

A

Small cardiac vein

188
Q

Name of part 4

A

Middle cardiac vein

189
Q

Name of part 5

A

Veins from left ventricle

190
Q

Name of part 6

A

Great cardiac vein

Comparative Anatomy (ANSC 251) (23 decks)

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