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Comparative Anatomy (ANSC 251) > Autonomic Nervous System and Heart > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System and Heart Flashcards

Quiz 4

1
Q

Somatic motor and autonomic innervations differ anatomically in two major ways

A
  1. The target organs innervated
  2. The number of neurons in the
    pathway
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2
Q

Pathway which targets skeletal muscles and has a one neuron pathway

A

Somatic Motor Innervation

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3
Q

Patghways which targets smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands and has a two neuron pathway, synapse in an autonomic ganglion

A

Autonomic Innervation

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4
Q

Where is the cell body of the somatic motor neuron located?

A

Ventral horn of the gray matter

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic symoathetic neurons located?

A

Lateral horn of the gray matter

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6
Q

Pathway which has postganglionic and preganglionic axons

A

Autonomic Innervation

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of Autonomic Innervation

A

Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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8
Q

Preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion located adjecent to the spinal column. A long postganglionic axon extends from the autonoomic ganglion to the target organ.

A

Sympathetic pathway division

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9
Q

Preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion located close to or within the organ. A short postganglionic axon innervates the target organ.

A

Parasympathetic pathway division

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10
Q

Branches of communication between each spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk

A

Ramus Communicans

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11
Q

A collection of neuronal cell bodies located
outside the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Ganglion

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12
Q

Nerve which branches from sympathetic trunk ganglion onto another ganglion or gland

A

Splanchnic nerve

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13
Q

Axons that conduct Impulses to the CNS

A

Sensory/ afferent axons

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14
Q

Axons that conduct impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body

A

Motor/Efferent axons

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15
Q

True or false:
Most Nerve have both axons

A

True

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16
Q

Motor Neurons supplying voluntary striated, skeletal muscles

A

Somatic efferent Neurons

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17
Q

Motor neurons supplying involuntary smooth muscle of viscera, blood vessels, cardiac muscles and glands. Peripheral motor part of ANS.

A

Visceral efferent neurons

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18
Q

Pathway of Somatic motor neuron

A

Cell Body in gray matter of Spinal cord or brain stem and axon courses through spinal or cranial nerve to end in innervated muscle (Only one axon)

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19
Q

Pathway of Autonomic motor neuron

A

Preganglionic cell body in the gray matter of CNS (Central nervous system) or Spinal cord → Preganglionic axon → Synapses at Ganglion (Postganglionic cell body) → Postganglionic axon → Innervated structure

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20
Q

Function of ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)

A

To control involuntary activity, maintain homeostasis and respond to stress.

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21
Q

Group of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

A

Nuclei

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22
Q

Occurs between Preganglionic axon ad Postganglionic cell body.

A

Synapse

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23
Q

The sympathetic division located in what region

A

In the gray matter of T1 to L5 (Thoracolumber portion)

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24
Q

Humeral transmitter substance of Sympathetic division

A

Norepinephrine

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25
Function of Sympathetic division
Help the body withstand unfavorable environmental conditions or conditions of stress
26
The preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division are loceted in
Spinal cord
27
Earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart (pectinate muscle)
Auricles
28
Two superior chambers of the heart, receiving the blood.
Atria
29
The right atrium is divided in two
1- sinus venarum 2- right auricle
30
Two lower chambers of the heart, “pumping chambers” (chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, trabecula septomarginalis)
Ventricles
31
Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only.
Valves of the heart
32
Right Atrioventricular Valve
Tricuspid valve
33
Left Atrioventricular Valve
bicuspid valve
34
Half-moon shaped flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary a. and aorta.
Semilunar Valves
35
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
36
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
37
Systemic Blood circulation
Cranial/caudal vena cava + Azygos vein (only right) + Coronary sinus → Right Atrium → Right atrioventricular valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Left/right plumonnary arteries (CO2 → O2 exchange)
38
Pulmonary Blood Circulation
Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Left Atrioventricular valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta
39
Coronary Blood circulation
Supplies the heart via Right/left Coronary arteries originating from the aortic sinus
40
Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Right atrium and Right Ventrical
Aortic sinus → Right coronary artery → Right Atrium + Right Ventrical
41
Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Coronary Groove
Aortic sinus → Left coronary artery → Circumflex artery
42
Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Auricular Surface
Aortic sinus → Left coronary artery → Paraconal interventricular artery
43
Coronary blood circulation pathway which supplies the Atrial Surface
Aortic sinus → Left coronary artery → Subsinuosal interventricular artery
44
Deoxygenated blood is returned via
Great cardiac vein + Middle cardiac vein + Small cardiac vein → Coronary sinus → Right Atrium
45
What are the differences in the coronary blood circulation of Dogs and Ruminants/Horse and Pig/Cat
Dog and Ruminant: Left coronary artery gives rise to both paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteries/branches Horse and Pig: Right coronary artery gives rise to the subsinuosal interventricular arteries/branches Cat: The subsinuosal interventricular artery/branch can arise from either coronary artery but usuallyfrom the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery as in the dog and ruminant
46
Cardiac muscle with different functions (conduction system) then ordinary cardiac m. (contraction)
1. Sinoatrial Node 2. Atriovantricular Node 3. Atriovanetricular bundle (Bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers
47
Pacemaker; hundreds of cells located in right atrial wall near superior vena cava
Sinoatrial Node
48
Special cardiac tissue located in right atrium along the lower part of interatrial septum
Atrioventricular node
49
Special cardiac fibers originating in AV node, extend down septum, become PF at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles.
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)& purkinje fibers
50
Inervation to the heart is done by which division of the ANS
Sympathetic division
51
Sympathetic path to Thoracic Viscera (Includes innervation of the heart) Origin, Preganglionic Pathway, Ganglions, Postganglionic pathway, Target organs
Origin: Mid-Thoracic segments T5-7 Preganglionic Pathway: Ventral Root, Spinal nerve, Ramus communicans, Sympathetic trunk, Ansa Subclavia Ganglions: Left Cervicothoracic ganglion, Left Middle Cervical ganglion Postganglionic pathway: Branches from the Ansa Subclavia (Runs with the vagus nerve) Target organs: Heart, Lungs and Eosophagus
52
Irregular heart rate in healthy dogs. Increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration.
Respiratory Sinus Arythmia (RSA)
53
Causes of Respiratory Sinus Arythmia (RSA)
Results from decreased vagal activity during inspiration (Sympathetic) and increased vagal activity during expiration (Parasympathetic)
54
A shunt allowing blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. This way, the blood entering the right atrium will bypass the pulmonary circulation. It closes after birth to form the Fossa Ovalis.
Foramen Ovale
55
A shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs. After it closes, the remnant is known as Ligamentum Arteriosum.
Ductus arteriosus
56
Main role of fetal shunts
Preferentially shunt oxygenated blood to the fetal brain.
57
Shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the descending vena cava. This allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. After it closes, it is called Ligamentum Venosum
Ductus venosus
58
Location of preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division
In nuclei in brain stem associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and the three sacral segments of the spinal cord
59
Location of postganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division
In terminal ganglia on or i the cell wall of the structure being innervated
60
Humeral transmitter substance in the postaganglionc nerve ending in the parasympathetic division
Acetylcholine
61
Function of the parasympathetic division
Normal homeostatic activity of the visceral body function and the conservation and restoration of body ressources and reserve
62
Innervate cutaneous surface of the body, striated muscles, tendons, joints, eye, inner ear.
Somatic afferent neurons
63
Innervate mucosal surface and wall of all tubular visceral organs, exocrine glands and specialized vascularized structures
Viscreal afferent neurons
64
Single neuron between structure innervated and CNS Cell bodies in Spinal ganglia of all spinal nerves and cranial nerve ganglia No synapses in ganglia (Synapses in CNS)
Afferent/Sensory Neurons
65
Spinal cord segment → Spinal nerve by means of
Dorsal and ventral Roots
66
Axons of motor neurons leaving the Spinal cord segment
Dorsal Roots
67
Axons of sensory neurons leaving the Spinal cord segment
Ventral Roots
68
When do dorsal and ventral roots merge? what are these merged axons called?
Merge just distal to the pspinal ganglion and form the segmental spinal nerve
69
Location of preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division (Origin)
Gray matter of T1-L5 spinal cord segments
70
Sympathetic division neuron pathway
Spinal cord segment (T1-L5) → Ventral root → Spinal nerve (Unites with sensory nerve/dorsal root at level of intervertebral foramen) → Rami communicans (Motor nerve branches of spinal nerve) → Sympathetic trunk ganglion (ventrally join sympathetic trunk) → Synapses at sympathetic trunk ganglion or other ganglion depending on nerve pathway → Postganglionic axon → Innervated organ
71
Prevertebral Ganglia (Sympathetic division)
Celiac ganglion Cranial mesentric ganglion Renal and gonadal ganglia Caudal mesentric ganglion Pelvic ganglia
72
Paravertebral
Sympathetic trunk ganglia Cervicothoracic ganglion Middle cervical ganglion Cranial cervical ganglion
73
Name of nerve connecting to a prevertebral ganglion
Splanchnic nerve
74
Sympathetic division pathway from sympathetic trunk nerve to target organ
Preganglionic axon → T13-L5 portions of sympathetic trunk nerves → Splachnic nerve (courses into abdominal cavity) → Synapses in Paravertebral ganglion → Forms plexuses around main bloods vessels of abdominal organs → Follow terminal branching of blood vessels to rech organ innervated
75
Sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle and glands of the head
Nerve enters sympathetic trunk in cranial thoracic region → Synapses occcurs along the trunk cranially either in sympathetic trunk ganglia, cervicothoracic ganglion, middle cervical ganglion or cranial cervical ganglion → Distributed with blood vessels to innervated structure
76
Nerve between the cervicothoracic ganglion and the middle cervical ganglion
Ansa Subclavia
77
Sympathetic pathway of pelvic viscera
Origin: Lumbar segments (L1-3) Pregnaglionic pathway: Ventral root → Spinal nerve → Ramus communicans → Sympathetic trunk →Lumbar splanchnic nerve → Caudal mesentric plexus Ganglion: Caudal mesentric ganglion, some pelvic ganglia Postganglionic pathway: Left/right hypogasrtic nerve → pelvic plexus → Pelvic viscera Target organs: Smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera (urinary tract, genitalia, rectum and anal canal blood vessel of smooth musle
78
Parasympathetic pathway of the pelvic viscera
Origin: Sacral segments (S1-3) of spinal cord Preganglionic pathway: Ventral root → Spinal nerve → Ventral primary branch → Lumbosacral nerve plexus → pelvic nerve → pelvic plexus Ganglion: Pelvic Ganglia (some in terminal ganglia) Postganglionic pathway: Direct branches from pelvic plexus to pelvic viscera Target organs: Smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera (urinary tract, genitalia, descending colon and anal canal blood vessel to penis/clitoris
79
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Heart
Increased rate, increased force of contraction (whole heart)
80
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Heart
Decreased rate, decreased force of contraction (atria only)
81
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Blood vessels
Constriction
82
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Blood vessels
Dilation of vessels suplying the penis and clitoris only
83
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Lungs
Dilation of bronchioles Inhibition of mucus secretion
84
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Lungs
Constriction of bronchioles Stimulation of mucus secretion
85
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Digestive tract
Decreased motility Contraction of sphincters Inhibition of digestive secretions
86
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Digestive tract
Increased motility Relaxation of sphincters Stimulation of digestive secretions
87
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Urinary Bladder
Relaxation
88
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Urinary Bladder
Contraction (emptying)
89
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Eye
Dilation of pupil Adjustment of eye for far vision
90
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Eye
Constriction of pupil Adjustment of eye for near vision
91
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Liver
Glycogenolysis (Glucose released)
92
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Adipose cells (Fats stores)
Lipolysis (Fatty acid release)
93
Effect of sympathetic simulation on Male gonad/genitalia
Semen ejaculation
94
Effect of parasympathetic simulation on Male gonad Genitalia
Penis erection
95
What surface of the heart is reprensented by this diagram?
Auricular surface
96
Name of part 1
Aortic arch
97
Name of part 2
Left pulmonary artery
98
Name of part 3
Left auricle
99
Name of part 4
Left pulmonary vein
100
Name of part 5
Left atrium
101
Name of part 6
Oblique vein of left atrium
102
Name of part 7
Great coronary vein
103
Name of part 8
Left distal atrial artery
104
Name of part 9
Circumflex branch
105
Name of part 10
Left ventricular arteries and veins
106
Name of part 11
Left ventricle
107
Name of part 12
Apex
108
Name of part 13
Paraconal interventricular groove
109
Name of part 14
Right ventricle
110
Name of part 15
Great coronary vein
111
Name of part 16
Paraconal interventricular branch
112
Name of part 17
Conus arteriosus
113
Name of part 18
Right auricle
114
Name of part 19
Left coronary artery
115
Name of part 20
Left proximal atrail artery
116
Name of part 21
Brachiocephalic trunk
117
Name of part 22
Left Subclavian artery
118
What is the name of the surface represented by this daigram?
Atrial surface
119
Name of part 1
Subsinuosal interventricular branch
120
Name of part 2
Caudal vena cava
121
Name of part 3
Right pulmonary veins
122
Name of part 4
Right pulmonary artery
123
Name of part 5
Azygos vein
124
Name of part 6
Right auricle
125
Name of part 7
Cranial vena cava
126
Name of part 8
Left subclavian artery
127
Name of part 9
Brachiocephalic trunk
128
Name of part 10
Descending Aorta
129
Name of part 11
Conus arteriosus
130
Name of part 12
right proximal atrial artery of atrium
131
Name of part 13
Right coronary artery
132
Name of part 14
Rigth distal atrial artery of atrium
133
Name of part 15
Paraconal interventricular branch
134
Name of part 16
Left ventricle
135
Name of part 17
Apex
136
Name of part 18
Right ventricle
137
Name of part 19
Subsinuosal interventricular groove
138
Name of part 20
Middle cardiac vein
139
Name of part 1
Septal cusp of right atrioventricular valve
140
Name of part 2
Parietal cusp of right atrioventricular valve
141
Name of part 3
Left semilunar valvula of pulmonary valve
142
Name of part 4
Right ventrcle
143
Name of part 5
Papillary mucles
144
Name of part 6
Trabeculae carnaea
145
Name of part 1
Nodule of semilunar valvula
146
Name of part 2
Septal semilunar valvula of aortic valve
147
Name of part 3
Aortic arch
148
Name of part 4
Left semilunar valvula of aortic valve
149
Name of part 5
Septal cusps of left atrioventricular valve
150
Name of part 6
Papillary muscles
151
Name of part 7
Trabeculae carnaea
152
Name of part 8
Parietl cusps of left atrioventricular valve
153
Name of part 9
Right semilunar valvula of aortic valve
154
Name of part 1
Right coronary artery
155
Name of part 2
Aortic sinus
156
Name of part 3
Circumflex branch
157
Name of part 4
Subsinuosal interventricular branch
158
Name of part 5
Paraconal interventricular branch
159
Name of part 6
Left coronary artery
160
To which species does this coronary system belong to?
Horse and Pig
161
To which species does this coronary system belong to?
Dog and Ruminant
162
Name of part 1
Aortic valve (Coronary located at aortic sinus)
163
Name of part 2
Right coronary artery
164
Name of part 3
Subsinuosal interventricular branch
165
Name of part 4
Circumflex branch
166
Name of part 5
Left coronary artery
167
Name of part 6
Paraconal interventricular branch
168
Name of part 1
Aorta
169
Name of part 2
Right coronary artery
170
Name of part 3
Aortic sinus
171
Name of part 4
Coronary sinus
172
Name of part 5
Subsinuosal interventicular branch
173
Name of part 6
Great coronary vein
174
Name of part 7
Circumflex branch
175
Name of part 8
Paraconal interventricular branch
176
Name of part 9
Left coronary artery
177
Name of part 1
Vagal sensory ganglia
178
Name of part 2
Ansa subclavia
179
Name of part 3
Vagosympathetic nerve trunk
180
Name of part 4
Vagus nerve
181
Name of target organ 5
Thoracic viscera
182
Name of part 6
Ventral and dorsal vagal branches
183
Name of part 9
Dorsal vagal nerve trunk to celiacomesentric nerve plexus
184
Name of target organ 8 and 9
Celiac plexus: Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Cranial mesentric plexus: Small intestines cecum, ascending and transverse colon
185
Name of part 1
Oblique vein
186
Name of part 2
Coronary sinus
187
Name of part 3
Small cardiac vein
188
Name of part 4
Middle cardiac vein
189
Name of part 5
Veins from left ventricle
190
Name of part 6
Great cardiac vein

Comparative Anatomy (ANSC 251) (23 decks)

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