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BIOL 1111 > Textbook Examples 16-18 > Flashcards

Textbook Examples 16-18 Flashcards

1
Q

long-tailed widow bird

A
  • intersexual selection
  • cut or added feathers of the male bird to see what females preferred
  • 2x more females mated with male birds
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2
Q

mice mutation study

A
  • mutation causes lighter coat colour
  • 100% mortality on brown soil
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3
Q

lazuli buntings

A

DISRUPTIVE SEXUAL SELECTION FOR PLUMAGE COLOURATION

= dullest and brightest birds have equal fitness due to DISRUPTIVE SELECTION (intermediates had the worst fitness)

2 CRITERIA:
1) effect of plumage colouration on getting territory
2) female preference was more for territory not for colouration really

dullest=their fathers were nicer to them because they were “less attractive” to females so theres a lower chance that the fathers wife (their mom) will cheat on him with the baby buntings and in return they got more time to get good territory
- male to male cooperation

brightest=aggressively competed for good territory

THE BUNTING EXPERINCED DELAYED PLUMMAGE MATURATION = took more than a year to obtain full colouration

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4
Q

initial definition for evolution

A

descent by modification
- from a common ancestor; changed over time

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5
Q

unit upon which evolution acts

A

population

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6
Q

evolution depends on what 2 criteria

A

1) variation amongst individuals

2) heritability of the variation

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7
Q

basic tenet of NS

A

heritable variation leads to differential survival and reproduction

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8
Q

highly pigmented traits are triggered by….

A

transposable element
- pieces of DNA that can move from 1 position to another in the genome
- can insert themselves to affect the expression of genes

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9
Q

benefits of freshwater sticklebacks

A

1) grow larger as juveniles
2) breed sooner
3) higher overwinter survivorship than heavily armoured individuals

= loss of Pitxl, due to mutation

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10
Q

insects and digesting cardnolides

A
  • most insects can’t ingest cardonolides (toxic compounds from plants to protect them from insects)
  • block essential transmembrane carrier…Na/K pump
  • insects from diff evolutionary lineages have acquired the ability to ingest cardenolides
    = more food
    = more protection (store it, making them distasteful to predatory birds)

*in monarchs=substitution mutation

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11
Q

higher fitness in bacteria is seen through

A

a higher growth rate

= binary fission

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12
Q

natural theology

A

existence of God through study of nature (defined as Gods creation)

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13
Q

what did James Hutton say

A
  • surface of the earth was constantly being changed by natural events

*went against idea that God affected the earth

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14
Q

what did Darwin notice about species on oceanic islands

A

they were more similar to species inhabiting the nearest continent

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15
Q

Buffon vs Darwin reasoning behind vestigial structures

A

BUFFON:
- animals changed since creation
- he offered no explanation of how functional structures became vestigial

DARWIN:
- organisms are related = descendants of a common ancestor who possessed those features (homology)

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16
Q

what set Darwin’s ideas apart from other scientists

A
  • he discovered/arrived at HOW evolution occurs
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17
Q

observations:
- most organisms produce more than 1 or 2 offspring
- populations don’t increase in size indefinitely
- food and other resources are limited for most populations

A

= individuals within a population compete for limited resources

PREDICTION: populations characteristics will change over the generations as advantageous, heritable characters become more common

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18
Q

observations:
- individuals within populations exhibit variability in many characteristics
- many variations appear to be inherited by subsequent generations

A

= hereditary characteristics may allow some individuals to survive longer and reproduce more than others

PREDICTION: populations characteristics will change over the generations as advantageous, heritable characters become more common

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19
Q

population genetics is attempting to predict what

A

how NS and other processes influence a populations genetic structure

20
Q

quantitative vs qualitative variation

A

quantitative= differ in small, incremental ways
(LENGTH OF TOES)

qualitative=exist in 2+ discrete states, intermediates are absent
(BLUE OR WHITE FEATHERS)

21
Q

polymorphism examples

A
  • colour, number of stripes, and colour of stripes vary amongst the snail shells
  • blood types in humans: A,B,AB,O
22
Q

only _____ is subject to evolutionary change

A

genetically based variation is inherited and subject to evolutionary change

23
Q

T/F: genetic variation exists because individuals of the same species have different genes

A

F
- they possess different versions (alleles) of the same genes

24
Q

total genetic variability

A

represented by gene pool

25
hexokinase protein difference example
- the enzyme catalyzes the same rxn in diff species - primary sequence of enzyme is not identical in those species
26
protein coding and non-coding regions of DNA both
harbour genetic variation
27
hypothesis for h/w
what would the genetic makeup of a population be at a particular locus if the population was not evolving
28
if the conditions of h/w are met, when will genotype frequencies change
= after 1 generation of non-random mating
29
founder effect idea
- small individuals colonize a distant population - bc its a small group of individuals they represent a small amount of the total genes / variation
30
genetic recombination btwn homologus chromosomes are a source of genetic variation
= recombination is very precise and usually doesn't result in mutation CRITERIA 4 MUTATIONS 1) must occur in DNA of gametes 2) random and spontaneous 3) not directed because of selective pressure 4) don't cause higher fitness, usually bad or neutral (easier to be these than to be good)
31
most powerful mechanism
N.S. = only this improves the ability of a population to grow and reproduce in a particular environment *however, microevolutionary processes always work together not in isolation of each other*
32
how have we used directional selection
- small dogs - hot peppers
33
inbreeding changes what
- changes how haploids are packaged into diploids - doesn't change the proportion of alleles, but moves them from hetero to homo = Charles the second - more inbred that child of brother and sister
34
male African widow birds
- males' long tail feathers are a product of intersexual selection - females are more attracted to them - doesn't help males compete against other males
35
diploidy
- valuable mechanism that maintains genetic variability - both alleles for a particular gene are recessive (maintain this variability through masking(
36
corn and hybrid
offspring btwn homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive of the same speices= hybrid vigour
37
biological species concept breakdown
1) - genetic cohesiveness of species = populations of SAME species experience gene flow = species is one large gene pool 2) - genetic distinctness = populations of DIFF species are reproductively isolated = can't exchange genetic information
38
advantage of phylogenetic
- can be applied to any organism - morphological and genetic distinctness btwn organisms on diff branches of tree of life reflect gene flow absence which is a key aspect of biological definition
39
ring species *the important idea*
exchange genetic material directly, but gene flow btwn distant populations occur only through the intermediary populations
40
lungless salamander
- wide distribution w/ 7 subspecies - subspecies breed in hybrid zones - but near southern area they rarely interbreed *if you saw the southern populations you would [by biological definition] consider them diff species, but they can still exchange genetic material through intervening populations so technically they are still the same species*
41
clinal variation usually results from
gene flow btwn adjacent populations that are each adapting to slightly different conditions
42
four of the prezygotic mechanisms limit
the frequency of interspecific matings, whereas the other one blocks interspecific fertilization [gametic isolation]
43
temporal isolation example
fruit flies - one species breeds in the morning, and one in the afternoon pine - release pollen at different times (one in Feb vs April)
44
behavioural isolation examples
- female fireflies identify males by their flashing patterns [courtship displays]
45
mechanical isolation
flowers - purple monkey flower attracts bees with shallow purple flowers and broad petals [platform], bright yellow streaks on the petals [nectar guides] and short nectar tube and reproductive parts - bee legs and body brushes against flower - scarlet monkey flower attracts hummingbirds with long red flowers and longer reproductive parts [bees cant see red, hummingbirds love red] and the nectar is more dilute but produced in greater quantity [easier for birds to ingest] - birds forehead touches the flower to deliver pollen
46
gametic isolation examples
fruit flies - interspecific matings causes a rxn in the female that blocks foreign sperm from reaching eggs plants - physiological incapabilities btwn pollen tube and stigma prevent interspecific fertilization

BIOL 1111 (13 decks)

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