extra material ch 44 Flashcards
Stenstor coeruleus
Stenstor coeruleus
Capable of decision-making and learning
- prokaryote
Fungi & plants
Show to have memory
stimuli for herring gulls
Tactile stimulus = sign stimulus for adults → regurgitate food
Regurgitate = fixed motor pattern
what mental disorders can DVl1 be linked to in humans
Huntington’s and Schizophrenia
white Crowned sparrows
Males that listened to recordings sand better → ~200 days later: very accurate
Males that didn’t listen to recording → inaccurate songs
Critical period (10-50 days): didn’t hear song = incomplete song
Suggests nerve cells in young male’s brain are influenced by only appropriate stimuli during critical period
wolves and battle
Wolves & battles: similarly linked combat sounds to food (WWII poland)
Sea Otter behaviour
↪ McCleneghan & Ames; Sea otters
Dive and collect sea urchins and clams and bring to surface to eat
Unusual Observation:
Some otters resurfaced with empty beverage cans.
Behavior with cans:
Lying on backs in ocean swells
Biting cans open
Sometimes removing and eating something before discarding the can → Some cans appeared empty and were discarded after opening.
Discovery:
Biologists collected beverage cans and found many contained young octopods (Octopus species)
Octopod behavior:
Populations limited by shelter availability.
Young octopods were using cans as new shelter opportunities.
Sea otter adaptation:
Otters learned to exploit this behavior, feeding on octopods inside cans.
Ecological Interaction:
Octopods: Adapted to human debris (cans) for shelter.
Otters: Otters recognized and exploited this new food source.
Key Takeaway: Example of behavioral adaptation in both species due to human influence (discarded cans)
how do diff animals communicate in ways other than direct forms of language
↪ Vervet monkeys: diff signals for diff predators
↪ Chikadees: diff alarm calls for approaching danger
chimpanzees/gorillas: use ASL
MagR and cytochromes
MagR: missing biocompass (animals use as magnetic receptor
Flies without MagR had no magnetic sense
Cryptochromes: blue-light absorbing flavoproteins and homologous proteins
viviparous meaning and geolocation meaning
Viviparous: live birth (eg: mammals, some reptiles)
Geolocator: tracks migration (eg: arctic terns)
carribean lobster will avoid conspecifics for what reason
to avoid a lethal virus PaV1
is parental care considered altruistic
no, because its a direct aid to their own fitness
traits of eusocial structures
Traits:
Reproducing division (queen + sterile workers)
Cooperative brood care
Self-sacrifice
mobbing behaviour
bullying; squirrels will do this to snakes to keep them from their young, its a way to agitate them to force them away
optimality theory
- optimal investment occurs where vertical distance between benefit and cost functions is the greatest
- animals behave in ways that maximize their fitness benefits while minimizing costs
Praw and Grant
set out to test the optimal investment theory
- used standard aquariums where they have modified ice cube trays that contained a number of cells, where there was a single territory and one large fish and four smaller fish
- food was placed in each cell
benefit: weight of pellets eaten by territory owner
cost: number of instructions by competitors
net benefit: growth rate of territory owner
= max out at 7
Tinbergen’s Level of Analysis -
Ontogeny (Category: Mechanistic) o Development ▪ How/When does the behaviour develop? ▪ What are the GxE interactions?
- Causation (Category: Mechanistic) o Sensory-motor ▪ Physiology & Morphology behind behaviour ▪ Stimuli that are present
- Phylogeny (Category: Evolutionary) o Ancestry ▪ What is ancestral trait for this behaviour? ▪ Derived traits/modifications for this behaviour?
- Adaptation (Category: Evolutionary) o Function ▪ Why did trait evolve? ▪ Impact on individual fitness?
