Textbook 5.1, 5.2, and 7.1 Flashcards
According to Erikson, an openness to new experiences tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance:
Hope
A child’s understanding that they can act on the world intentionally, which occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance:
Will
A balance between individual initiative and willingness to cooperate with others:
Purpose
Enduring socioemotional relationships between infants and caregivers:
Attachment
Birth to 8 weeks; infants’ behaviors and the responses they evoke in adults create an interactive system that is the first step in forming an attachment relationship:
Preattchment
6-8 weeks to 6-8 months; babies are gradually identifying the primary caregiver as the person they can depend on when they’re anxious or distressed:
Attachment in the Making
6-8 to 18 months; infants have singled out the attachment figure, usually the mother, and trust them as they provide a stable socioemotional base:
True Attachment
18 months on; infants often take the initiative in interactions and begin to understand parents’ feelings and goals:
Reciprocal Relationships
A relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers:
Secure Attachment
A relationship in which infants turn from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation:
Avoidant Attachment
A relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console:
Resistant Attachment
A relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers:
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
An infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is, which is thought to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life:
Internal Working Model
Emotions experienced by humankind that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior:
Basic Emotions
Smiles that infants produce when they see a human face:
Social Smiles
The first distinct signs of fear that emerge at 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of adults:
Stranger Wariness
Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation:
Social Referencing
Three Specific Parental Behaviors that Influence Children:
Direct Instruction, Modeling, Feedback
Telling a child what to do, when, and why:
Direct Instruction
Unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage:
Negative Reinforcement Trap
Maltreatment Becomes More Likely When:
- Cultures condone physical punishment
- Parents lack effective skills for dealing with children
- A child’s behavior is frequently aversive.
