Textbook 3.1, 3.2, and 3.5 Flashcards
Unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation:
Reflexes
Measures 5 vital signs to assess a newborn’s health: breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, presence of reflexes, and skin tone. Each is scored 0-2, with 2 being the best:
Apgar Score
Toes fan out when the sole is stroked (disappears at 8-12 months). Possible evolutionary remnant:
Babinski Reflex
Arms are thrown out then inward when there’s a noise (disappears at 6 months). May help the baby cling to the mother:
Moro Reflex
Baby grasps an object placed in the palm (disappears at 3-4 months). Precursor to voluntary grasping:
Palmar Reflex
When a cheek is stroked, the head turns toward the stroking and opens its mouth (disappears at 3-4 weeks). Helps find a nipple:
Rooting Reflex
Begins to step when held upright and moved (disappears at 2-3 months). Precursor to walking:
Stepping Reflex
Sucks an object in its mouth (disappears at 4 months). Permits feeding:
Sucking Reflex
Moves a foot when pricked with a pin (permanent). Protects from unpleasant stimulation:
Withdrawal Reflex
A baby is calm, with eyes open and attentive, inspecting its environment:
Alert Inactivity
A baby’s eyes are open but unfocused, with uncoordinated limb movements:
Waking Activity
A baby alternates between still, regular breathing and gentle movement with irregular breathing, eyes closed throughout:
Sleeping
Starts softly, becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired:
Basic Cry
A more intense version of the basic cry:
Mad Cry
Begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping:
Pain Cry
Sleep in which an infant’s eyes dart rapidly beneath the eyelids while the body is active:
REM Sleep
Sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady:
Non-REM Sleep
When a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason:
SIDS
A consistent style or pattern of behavior:
Temperament
The extent to which a child is happy, active, vocal, and seeks stimulation:
Surgency/Extroversion
The extent to which a child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed:
Negative Affect
The extent to which a child focuses attention, is not easily distracted, and can inhibit responses:
Effortful Control
A flat group of cells in prenatal development that become the brain and spinal cord:
A Neural Plate
gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence:
Synaptic Pruning
The process by which brain wiring is organized by experiences common to most humans:
Experience-Expectant Growth
Babies recognize themselves in a mirror around 15-18 months, an important step in self-awareness:
Self-Recognition in Mirror
Emerges between 18-24 months:
Self-Awareness
Ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behaviors that create an understanding of how the mind influences actions:
Theory of Mind
Preschoolers understand that people can have different desires:
Henry Wellman’s Mind Phases - Phase 1
Children know that people have different beliefs:
Henry Wellman’s Mind Phases – Phase 2
Children understand that different experiences can lead to different states of knowledge:
Henry Wellman’s Mind Phases – Phase 3
Children understand that behavior is based on a person’s beliefs about events, even when those beliefs are wrong:
Henry Wellman’s Mind Phases – Phase 4
