Text Ch.7

Question 1

small n rsearch

Answer 1

this detailed examination and/or comparison of particular phenomenon

• small n refers to small number of cases
• inductive understanding leads to qualitative research

Question 2

case study

Answer 2

is a detailed analysis of a single discrete phenomenon

-begins from the observation of counter-intuitive

Question 3

counter-intuitive

Answer 3

something that does not conform to our expectations

Question 4

descriptive case study

Answer 4

is a case study in its purest form. The researcher knows little or nothing about the phenomenon;it is a puzzle;a counter intuitive.

• there may be an absence of theorizing or even of any meaningful description
• goal of descriptive case study is to describe the phenomenon as the basis of contributing to an emerging or future research agenda

Question 5

scope conditions

Answer 5

explicit limits to which the research professes to make valid claims

Question 6

theory testing case study: 2 types

Answer 6

is appropriate if one of two distinct counter-intuitive conditions is met; a phenomenon is expected to confirm a theory but refutes it or is expected to refute a theory but confirms it
-ultimate goal is theory modification

1. .failed most-likely case: the former
   - causes questions to be raised about the theories reality
   - may falsify a theory if it posits a narrow causality:if a theory argues that A causes B ever though our instance of B is caused by something else, the study would falsify the assertion that A is necessary and sufficient cause of B
   - most likely will just question the degree of probability or determinism that a theory asserts
   - need to rethink theories claims
2. successful least-likely case: the latter
   - falsificationis rarely the goal because the phenomenon is already expected to fail
   - need to rethink theiries scope conditions

Question 7

Key Takeaway Point: We must consider ethics at ____ stages of research.

Answer 7

ALL

Question 8

Ethical Volations:

Answer 8

1. Harm to Respondent
2. Data fabrication
3. Plagiarism
4. Misleading One’s audience

Question 9

Ethical Volations: 5

Answer 9

1. Harm to Respondent
2. Data fabrication
3. Plagiarism
4. Misleading One’s audience
5. No Consent

HELP, DEMON PENIS MONSTER CHASING

Question 10

Questionable research Practices: 2 explain both

Answer 10

1. Selective Data manipulation
   - ‘harking’ hypothesizing after results are known
   - P-hacking dropping variables to obtain significant results
2. Selective Results presentation
   - Cherry Picking
   - Selective omission
   - Data Snooping stopping study once desired result is reached

Question 11

Selective Results Presentation: 3

Answer 11

2. Selective Results presentation
   - Cherry Picking
   - Selective omission
   - Data Snooping stopping study once desired result is reached

Question 12

Selective Data Minipulation 2

Answer 12

1. Selective Data manipulation
   - ‘harking’ hypothesizing after results are known
   - P-hacking dropping variables to obtain significant results

Question 13

Risk in research can effect 4 groups:

Answer 13

1. Research Team
2. Society
3. Research Subjects
4. Acedemia

READY STEADY RUN ASHLEY

Question 14

TCPS stands for

Answer 14

Tri-Council Policy Statement

Question 15

TCPS research ethics: key principles(3)

Answer 15

1. Justice
2. Respect For Persons
3. Concern for welfare

Question 16

Informed Consent and capacity to consent

Answer 16

“Respect for Persons implies that those who lack the capacity to decide for themselves should nevertheless have the opportunity to participate in research that may be of benefit to themselves or others. Authorized third parties acting on behalf of these individuals decide whether participation would be appropriate.

. Voluntary, informed consent
• Consideration of undue influence
• Considerations with respect to incentives

Question 17

Research Integrity and Record Keeping

Answer 17

Research documentation

• for replication
• for review/verification

Question 18

Describe -‘harking’ and P-hacking

Answer 18

hypothesizing after results are known

dropping variables to obtain significant results

Question 19

Requirements of TCPS 2: 8

Answer 19

1. Informed consent and right to withdraw
2. No cohersion with incentives or compensation
3. Make sure people have the ability to consent
4. Research has to be beneficial to all involved
5. Deception and need to debrief
6. Privacy and Confidentiality
7. Appropriate Inclusion
8. Record Keeping

Question 20

In evaluating a case study there are four factors to consider:

Answer 20

1. Are there clear definitions of the subject and object of the case study
   - allows for answering of questions like “what” and “why” and “how”
2. Does the case study have riguous and clear conceptualization
   - concepts are more useful and accurate when they allow greater awareness of the particular phenomenon being studied and when they better situate the phenomenon in the more general context
   - well suited to provide conceptual refinement
3. Does the case study properly employ tracing?
   - process tracing is the primary means by which case studies research generates causal resoning
4. does the case study make applicable generalizations to a wider population of cases?
   - whether the findings of this case are true in other similar cases

Question 21

Process tracing

Answer 21

a research method that generates causal pathways between the independent and dependent variables of a case by connecting a series of observations

Question 22

Comparative research

Answer 22

is another form of Small n research

• systematically contrasts a number of cases in order to create stronger generalizations and thus broaden our knowledge of the political world
• it highlights the degree to which our conclusions about life and politics are filtered through our own preconceptions and are therefore culture bound
• enables the researcher to examine system level traits

Question 23

Random sampling is ill suited for ______ research

Answer 23

comparative

-purposive sampling allows the researcher to use his past knowledge for the best comparisons

Question 24

Most-Similar-Systems Design

Answer 24

.is to compare very similar systems, seeking to explain differences between them
- try to explain disparity in dependent or independent variable

Question 25

Most-Different-Systems Design

Answer 25

.does the opposite of most similar, takes vastly dissimilar systems and attempts to explain commonalities between them
-how could diverse systems produce the same social outcome

Question 26

Two types of Comparative research design?

Answer 26

Most-different
-usually easier to use this one because finding perfectly matching variables is hard

Most similar

Question 27

equivalent measures

Answer 27

indicators that measure the same concept across different countries, political systems, or culltures