Text Ch.6 Flashcards
knowledge mobilization
a term used to describe the practical social application
Tri-council Policy statement
basically required the use of ethical conduct of research
-included a framework of ethical guidlines
Three core principles for human dignity:
- Respect for persons
- Concern for welfare
- Justice
Milgram Studies
On obedience, remember electricity and being proded to hurt people
Three lines of defence for research subjects and respondents
confidentiality, informed consent, right to withdraw
Bandwagon effect and Underdog effect
Jumping on the bandwagon or supporting the underdog
The scientific method 8 steps
- Identify outcome/event
- Hypothesize cause
- Define concepts
- Operationalize concepts
- Collect data
- Analyze data; test hypothesis
- Reflect on theory
- Publish results 9. Replicate
The scientific method 9 steps
- Identify outcome/event
- Hypothesize cause
- Define concepts
- Operationalize concepts
- Collect data
- Analyze data; test hypothesis
- Reflect on theory
- Publish results
- Replicate
Why is this alternative hypothesis good? Name 3 things
As student effort increases, academic performance improves.
– Clear – Direction – Falsifiable
Your _______ definition points you to your measures
conceptual
Define variable
Define indiator
Concrete representation of concept; has variations
Observable evidence that is used to describe a dimension of a variable
Operationalization: Abstract to Measureable (3 steps)
- Concept: Abstract Representation
ex: Student Effort
- draft conceptual definition - Variable: Concrete Manifestation
ex: Hours Studying
- name variables involved - Indicator:Operational Measure
ex: Self-reported Hours Studying (survey question)
- name indicators for all variables
Simple Concept–> Fewer _______
measures
ex: Age–>Years in Life–>Year Born
Complex Concept–>More Measures
ex:Social Status–>many variables
Types of Measurement: 3(ignore ratio)
- Nominal
- religious affiliation, yes or no - Ordinal
- religiousity measured in low,med,high - Interval
- religiousity measured in hours per week
What is Vagueness
Why the lack of a precise boundary is a problem for research:
Vagueness: an expression is vague when there is no precise boundary between the cases to which it correctly applies and the cases to which it does not e.g., poor, bald, tall, famous, successful
while miniscule differences may not (seem to) matter, a series of miniscule differences can amount to a large difference
Nominal Measurement:
- Nominal: names
- Categorical
- Categories are mutually exclusive (cannot be in more than one category)
- Cannot be ranked
- Least precise level of measurement
Examples:
- gender, religious affiliation, geographic location
- anything with a yes/no answer
- Forced choice questions (either-or)
Ordinal Measurement:
- Ordinal: ord(order)
- Rankings relative to other categories, but precise distance between categories not known
- Categories are mutually exclusive (cannot be in more than one category)
Examples:
- Education (in categories), age (in categories), income (in categories)
- Rankings (first … last; none, low, moderate, high)
- Level of agree/disagree; support/opposition
Interval Measurement:
- Rankings have precise (known) distance between categories
- Categories are mutually exclusive (cannot be in more than one category)
- More precise than ordinal
Examples:
- Years of education, age (in years), income (in dollars)
- Feeling thermometers, rankings on 0-10, 0-100 scale
- “Hard” numbers
Thermometer would be what type of measurement?
Interval
Type of car would be what type of measurement?
Nominal
1st, 2nd, and 3rd place are what type of measurement?
Ordinal
Why is there a tradeoff in measurement precision?
The more precise you get, the less number of cases that will be available
Three questions to critically assess a measure
- Is the instrument/ measure reliable?
- Is the instrument/ measure valid?
- Is the instrument/ measure culturally sensitive?
Reliability vs. Validity
“How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use works every time I use it?
“How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use measures what it is supposed to measure?
How to increase reliability? 3
- Increase precision
- Use multiple measures – indexes
- Use careful design – Measure one thing at a time – Exhaustive categories – Mutually exclusive categories
How to make measures valid 3
- Ensure clear conceptual definition
- Increase number of measures
- Increase abstraction
Is the instrument culturally sensitive? Is it equivalent, 3 types of equivalent
Measurement equivalence 1.Linguistic equivalence – Translation and back translation 2.Conceptual equivalence 3.Metric equivalence •“the same answers or scores in two cultures might not depict the same level of the construct being measured.”
