Text Ch.6

Question 1

knowledge mobilization

Answer 1

a term used to describe the practical social application

Question 2

Tri-council Policy statement

Answer 2

basically required the use of ethical conduct of research
-included a framework of ethical guidlines

Three core principles for human dignity:

1. Respect for persons
2. Concern for welfare
3. Justice

Question 3

Milgram Studies

Answer 3

On obedience, remember electricity and being proded to hurt people

Question 4

Three lines of defence for research subjects and respondents

Answer 4

confidentiality, informed consent, right to withdraw

Question 5

Bandwagon effect and Underdog effect

Answer 5

Jumping on the bandwagon or supporting the underdog

Question 6

The scientific method 8 steps

Answer 6

1. Identify outcome/event
2. Hypothesize cause
3. Define concepts
4. Operationalize concepts
5. Collect data
6. Analyze data; test hypothesis
7. Reflect on theory
8. Publish results 9. Replicate

Question 7

The scientific method 9 steps

Answer 7

1. Identify outcome/event
2. Hypothesize cause
3. Define concepts
4. Operationalize concepts
5. Collect data
6. Analyze data; test hypothesis
7. Reflect on theory
8. Publish results
9. Replicate

Question 8

Why is this alternative hypothesis good? Name 3 things

As student effort increases, academic performance improves.

Answer 8

– Clear – Direction – Falsifiable

Question 9

Your _______ definition points you to your measures

Answer 9

conceptual

Question 10

Define variable

Define indiator

Answer 10

Concrete representation of concept; has variations

Observable evidence that is used to describe a dimension of a variable

Question 11

Operationalization: Abstract to Measureable (3 steps)

Answer 11

1. Concept: Abstract Representation
   ex: Student Effort
   - draft conceptual definition
2. Variable: Concrete Manifestation
   ex: Hours Studying
   - name variables involved
3. Indicator:Operational Measure
   ex: Self-reported Hours Studying (survey question)
   - name indicators for all variables

Question 12

Simple Concept–> Fewer _______

Answer 12

measures
ex: Age–>Years in Life–>Year Born

Complex Concept–>More Measures
ex:Social Status–>many variables

Question 13

Types of Measurement: 3(ignore ratio)

Answer 13

1. Nominal
   - religious affiliation, yes or no
2. Ordinal
   - religiousity measured in low,med,high
3. Interval
   - religiousity measured in hours per week

Question 14

What is Vagueness

Why the lack of a precise boundary is a problem for research:

Answer 14

Vagueness: an expression is vague when there is no precise boundary between the cases to which it correctly applies and the cases to which it does not e.g., poor, bald, tall, famous, successful

while miniscule differences may not (seem to) matter, a series of miniscule differences can amount to a large difference

Question 15

Nominal Measurement:

Answer 15

• Nominal: names
• Categorical
• Categories are mutually exclusive (cannot be in more than one category)
• Cannot be ranked
• Least precise level of measurement

Examples:

• gender, religious affiliation, geographic location
• anything with a yes/no answer
• Forced choice questions (either-or)

Question 16

Ordinal Measurement:

Answer 16

• Ordinal: ord(order)
• Rankings relative to other categories, but precise distance between categories not known
• Categories are mutually exclusive (cannot be in more than one category)

Examples:

• Education (in categories), age (in categories), income (in categories)
• Rankings (first … last; none, low, moderate, high)
• Level of agree/disagree; support/opposition

Question 17

Interval Measurement:

Answer 17

• Rankings have precise (known) distance between categories
• Categories are mutually exclusive (cannot be in more than one category)
• More precise than ordinal

Examples:

• Years of education, age (in years), income (in dollars)
• Feeling thermometers, rankings on 0-10, 0-100 scale
• “Hard” numbers

Question 18

Thermometer would be what type of measurement?

Answer 18

Interval

Question 19

Type of car would be what type of measurement?

Answer 19

Nominal

Question 20

1st, 2nd, and 3rd place are what type of measurement?

Answer 20

Ordinal

Question 21

Why is there a tradeoff in measurement precision?

Answer 21

The more precise you get, the less number of cases that will be available

Question 22

Three questions to critically assess a measure

Answer 22

• Is the instrument/ measure reliable?
• Is the instrument/ measure valid?
• Is the instrument/ measure culturally sensitive?

Question 23

Reliability vs. Validity

Answer 23

“How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use works every time I use it?

“How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use measures what it is supposed to measure?

Question 24

How to increase reliability? 3

Answer 24

• Increase precision
• Use multiple measures – indexes
• Use careful design – Measure one thing at a time – Exhaustive categories – Mutually exclusive categories

Question 25

How to make measures valid 3

Answer 25

• Ensure clear conceptual definition
• Increase number of measures
• Increase abstraction

Question 26

Is the instrument culturally sensitive? Is it equivalent, 3 types of equivalent

Answer 26

Measurement	equivalence 
1.Linguistic	equivalence 
– Translation	and	back	translation 
2.Conceptual	equivalence 
3.Metric	equivalence 
•“the	same	answers	or	scores	in	two	cultures	might	not	depict	the	same	level	of	the	construct	being	measured.”