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Connor Harrison's History Notes, Flashcards for Ancient Roman History > Tetrarchy, Constantine, And The Fall of The West > Flashcards

Tetrarchy, Constantine, And The Fall of The West Flashcards

1
Q

How long did Diocletian reign for?

A

284-305 A.D

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2
Q

When did Diocletian begin his reign?

A

284 A.D.

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3
Q

Diocletian was a peasant from what part of Illyricum?

A

Dalmatia

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4
Q

Diocletian’s reign marks the end of what era?

A

Era of the Barrack Emperors

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5
Q

In what year did Diocletian split the Roman Empire into a tetrachy (a four person rule, a ruler for each of the four new sections)?

A

293 A.D.

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6
Q

Two of the leaders in the Tetrachy would hold a traditional imperial title, while another two would hold a different traditional imperial title. What were these two titles?

A

two of them holding the title of Augustus, two of them holding the title of Caesar

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7
Q

Who were the original tetrachs?

A

Diocletian, Galerius, Maximian, and Constantius Chlorus (father of Constantine the Great)

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8
Q

What was Diocletian’s capital?

A

Nicomedia

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9
Q

What was Galerius’s capital?

A

Sirmium

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10
Q

What was Maximian’s capital?

A

Mediolanum

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11
Q

What was Constantius Chlorus’s capital?

A

Augustus Treverorum

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12
Q

Who was Augustus in the East?

A

Diocletian

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13
Q

Who was Augustus’s Caesar in the East?

A

Galerius

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14
Q

Who was the last emperor to sack Ctesiphon?

A

Galerius

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15
Q

Who did Galerius fight against?

A

Parthia

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16
Q

What king did Galerius defeat in order for him to sack Ctesiphon

A

King Narses

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17
Q

In what year did Galerius sack Ctesiphon?

A

297 A.D.

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18
Q

Who was Augustus in the West?

A

Maximian

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19
Q

In what year did Maximian became Augustus in the West?

A

286 A.D.

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20
Q

Who was Maximian’s Caesar in the West?

A

Constantius Chlorus

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21
Q

Who declared themselves emperor in Britain from 287-293 A.D?

A

M. Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius

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22
Q

From what years did M. Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius declare himself emperor of Britain?

A

287-293 A.D.

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23
Q

Who replaced M. Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius as emperor in Britain?

A

Allectus

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24
Q

When was Allectus made emperor in Britain?

A

293 A.D.

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25
Q

In what year did Constantius Chlorus defeat Allectus, restoring Britain?

A

296 A.D.

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26
Q

Diocletian dealt with what uprising against his rule in Egypt (296-7 A.D.)?

A

Domitius Domitianus and Aurelius Achilleus

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27
Q

In what years did the uprising of Domitius Domitianus and Aurelius Achilleus take place?

A

296-7 A.D.

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28
Q

Who was Diocletian’s patron god?

A

Jove (Jupiter)

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29
Q

Who was Maximian’s patron god?

A

Hercules

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30
Q

What edict did Diocletian establish in 301 A.D.?

A

Edict On Maximum Prices

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31
Q

When did Diocletian establish his Edict On Maximum Prices?

A

301 A.D.

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32
Q

What baths did Diocletian establish?

A

Baths of Diocletian

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33
Q

Diocletian is known for his prosecution of what group?

A

Christians

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34
Q

When did Diocletian and Maximian jointly abdicate from the throne?

A

May 1st, 305 A.D.

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35
Q

Where did Diocletian retire to?

A

Salona (Split), modern-day Croatia

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36
Q

Who abdicated from the throne jointly with Diocletian?

A

Maximian

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37
Q

How long was Constantius Chlorus Augustus in the West after the resignation of Maximian?

A

305-306 A.D.

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38
Q

Who became Augustus in the West after the resignation of Maximian?

A

Constantius Chlorus Augustus

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39
Q

How long did Galerius reign as Augustus in the East after the abdication of Diocletian?

A

305-311 A.D.

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40
Q

Who became Augustus in the East after Diocletian abdicated from the throne?

A

Galerius

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41
Q

Who passed the Edict of Toleration in 311 A.D. on their deathbed?

A

Galerius

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42
Q

When was the Edict of Toleration established?

A

311 A.D.

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43
Q

What did the Edict of Toleration end?

A

Prosecution of Christians

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44
Q

What happened when Maximian tired to reclaim the throne?

A

Tries to regain throne with and from son Maxentius and also against Constantine, who forces his (Maximian’s) suicide in 310

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45
Q

How long did Maxentius rule as Caesar in the West?

A

306-312 A.D.

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46
Q

Maxentius was the son of whom?

A

Maximian

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47
Q

Who opposed Maxentius coming to the throne as Caesar?

A

Constantine and Severus II

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48
Q

Who made Maxentius Caesar in the West after the death of Severus the Second in 307 A.D.?

A

His father Maximian

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49
Q

Who was made Augustus in west by Galerius to oppose Maxentius?

A

Licinius

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50
Q

Licinius was Augustus in the west for how long?

A

308-311 A.D.

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51
Q

After the death of whom was Licinius made Augustus in the east?

A

Galerius

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52
Q

When did Galerius die?

A

311 A.D.

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53
Q

How long was Licinius Augustus in the east?

A

311 A.D.- 313 A.D.

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54
Q

Who did Licinius defeated to become sole emperor of the empire in 313 A.D.?

A

Maximinus Daia

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55
Q

When was Licinius made sole emperor?

A

313 A.D.

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56
Q

Licinius’s sole office of emperor last how long for him?

A

313-323 A.D.

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57
Q

Constantine the First is also commonly know as whom?

A

Constantine The Great

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58
Q

How long did Constantine rule for?

A

306-337 A.D.

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59
Q

When did Constantine the Great begin his reign?

A

306 A.D.

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60
Q

Who were the parents of Constantine the Great?

A

Constantius Chlorus and Helena

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61
Q

Upon who’s death was Constantine the Great made emperor?

A

Constantius Chlorus’s, his father’s

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62
Q

Where was Constantine the Great first proclaimed emperor in 306 B.C.?

A

Eboracum (York)

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63
Q

What emperor, famous for his successful action against the Goths, is Constantine the Great proclaimed to be a descendant of?

A

Claudius Gothicus

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64
Q

When did Constantine the Great defeat Maxentius (son of Maximian)?

A

Milvian Bridge in 312 A.D.

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65
Q

In what year did Constantine the Great defeat Maxentius (son of Maximian)?

A

312 A.D.

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66
Q

Who did Constantine the Great defeat at Milvian Bridge in 312 A.D.?

A

Maxentius (son of Maximian)

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67
Q

Describe the vision Constantine the Great had before the battle at Milvian Bridge?

A

Sometime before the battle, legend has it he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words “Εν Τούτῳ Νίκα”, En toutō níka, usually translated into Latin as “in hoc signo vinces,” both phrases have the literal meaning “In this sign, you shall conquer;”

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68
Q

What words did Constantine the Great see on the cross in his vision?

A

“Εν Τούτῳ Νίκα”, En toutō níka, usually translated into Latin as “in hoc signo vinces,” both phrases have the literal meaning “In this sign, you shall conquer;”

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69
Q

After the battle at the Mivian Bridge, what part of the empire did Constantine the Great rule?

A

full control of the west

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70
Q

After the battle at the Mivian Bridge, what part of the empire did Licinius rule?

A

control of the east

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71
Q

In what year did Constantine the Great defeat Licinius, and become sole emperor of the empire?

A

324 A.D. at Adrianople and ultimately at Chrysopolis

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72
Q

In what battle was Licinius ultimately defeated?

A

Chrysopolis

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73
Q

In what battles were Licinius defeated by Constantine the Great?

A

324 A.D. at Adrianople and ultimately at Chrysopolis

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74
Q

What edict did Constantine the Great issue, legalizing Christianity throughout the Empire in 313 A.D.?

A

Edict of Milan

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75
Q

In what year was the Edict of Milan passed?

A

313 A.D.

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76
Q

What did the Edict of Milan do?

A

legalized Christianity throughout the Empire

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77
Q

In what year was the council of Nicaea held?

A

325 A.D.

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78
Q

The council of Nicaea resolved what controversy?

A

Arian controversy

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79
Q

Arians believes that Jesus was not God, instead he was what?

A

Subordinate to God, rather than equal to the Holy Ghost and God the Father

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80
Q

Who was an Arian?

A

Arius of Alexandria

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81
Q

Who opposed Arian?

A

Athanasius of Alexandria

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82
Q

The Council of Nicaea decided who was wrong?

A

Arius

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83
Q

What came out of the Council of Nicaea?

A

The Nicene Creed (Apostles’ Creed)

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84
Q

Who was Constantine the Great’s eldest son by his first wife, Minervina?

A

Crispus

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85
Q

Who was Minervina?

A

Constantine the Great’s first wife?

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86
Q

When did Constantine the Great have Crispus executed?

A

326 A.D.

87
Q

Whom did Constantine the Great execute in 326 A.D.?

A

Crispus and also Fausta, his second wife

88
Q

Who was Constantine the Greats second wife?

A

Fausta,

89
Q

When did Constantinople (former Byzantium, modern Istanbul) become the capital of the empire?

A

330 A.D.

90
Q

What city was made capital of the empire in 330

A.D.?

A

Constantinople (former Byzantium, modern Istanbul)

91
Q

Who was the first emperor to convert to Christianity?

A

Constantine the Great

92
Q

When did Constantine the Great die?

A

337 A.D.

93
Q

When was Constantine the Great baptized?

A

shortly before his death in 337 A.D.

94
Q

After Constantine the Great’s death, what three sons of his split the empire between themselves?

A

Constantine II, Constans I, Constantius II

95
Q

What sons did Constantine’s second wife, Fausta, give to him?

A

Constantine II, Constans I, Constantius II

96
Q

How long did Constantine the Second reign for?

A

337–340 A.D.

97
Q

What provinces did Constantine the Second recieve to rule?

A

Gaul, Britannia, Hispania, and Mauretania

98
Q

Who defeated Constantine the Second in battle?

A

Constans I

99
Q

Who reigned from 337-350 A.D?

A

Constans I

100
Q

How long did Constans I reign for?

A

337-350 A.D

101
Q

What provinces did Constans I recieve?

A

Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea

102
Q

How did Constans I die?

A

assassinated

103
Q

Who gave orders to assassinate Constans I?

A

Magnentius, a British and Frankish officer

104
Q

How long did Constantius II reign for?

A

337-361 A.D.

105
Q

Who received Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor,

Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica to rule?

A

Constantius II

106
Q

Who did Constantius II fight against in 351 A.D.?

A

Mangnetius

107
Q

Who killed themselves in 353 A.D. after being defeated by Constantius II?

A

Mangnetius

108
Q

When did Constantius II die?

A

Died of illness on his way to battle his cousin Julian in the east.

109
Q

How long did Julian reign for?

A

361-363 A.D

110
Q

How was Julian related to Constantine the Great?

A

Nephew of Constantine the Great

111
Q

Who was the last emperor of the Constantinian line?

A

Julian

112
Q

Why is Julian known as the “Apostate”?

A

tried to restore paganism throughout the empire

113
Q

Who tried to restore paganism throughout the empire?

A

Julian, the “Apostate”

114
Q

What Persian ruler did Julian fight?

A

Shapur II

115
Q

What group did Julian fight?

A

Persians

116
Q

Who died of a spear wound said to have been thrown by a Christian?

A

Julian

117
Q

How long did Jovian reign for?

A

363-364 A.D

118
Q

How many months did Jovian reign for?

A

8 months

119
Q

Who was Jovian?

A

General, unrelated to Constantine’s family who ruled for 8 months

120
Q

Who negotiated a treaty with Shapur II?

A

Jovian

121
Q

How was Jovian towards paganism?

A

Rescinded the pagan policies of Julian

122
Q

The Battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.) was fought against whom?

A

Goths under Fritigern

123
Q

Who led the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople?

A

Fritigern

124
Q

In what year did the Battle of Adrianople take place in?

A

378 A.D.

125
Q

The Battle of Adrianople was a crushing defeat for whom?

A

The Romans

126
Q

What Roman died at the Battle of Adrianople?

A

Valens

127
Q

Valens ruled where?

A

in the east

128
Q

Where did Gratian rule?

A

in the west

129
Q

How long did Gratian rule for?

A

375-383 A.D. in west

130
Q

Gratian was the son of whom?

A

Valentinian I

131
Q

Who convinced Gratian to renounce the title of pontifex maximus and remove the altar of victory?

A

St. Ambrose of Milan

132
Q

Gratian was killed and defeated by whom?

A

usurper Magnus Maximus, commander in

Britain

133
Q

What emperor was the son of Valentinian I and half-brother of Gratian?

A

Valentinian II

134
Q

At what age was Valentinian II made co-Augustus in the west?

A

4 years of age (375 A.D.)

135
Q

Who defeated and killed Valentinian II in 392 A.D.?

A

Frankish commander named Arbogast

136
Q

After his defeat of Valentinian II in 392 A.D., Arbogast installed who as emperor?

A

Eugenius as emperor

137
Q

How long did Theodosius I reign for in the east as co-Augustus?

A

379-392 A.D.

138
Q

How long did Theodosius I reign for as emperor of the whole empire?

A

392-395 A.D.

139
Q

Who was defeated at the Battle of the Frigidus River in 394 A.D.?

A

emperor Eugenius

140
Q

Who won at the Battle of the Frigidus River?

A

Theodosius I

141
Q

In what year did the Battle of the Frigidus River occur?

A

394 A.D.

142
Q

Who was the last emperor to rule over both the west and the east?

A

Theodosius I

143
Q

Theodosius I made what religion the official one of the state?

A

Christianity

144
Q

Theodosius I closed all temples that were associated with what type of religion?

A

Paganism

145
Q

What games did Theodosius I end?, because of their association with paganism?

A

Olympic games

146
Q

Who was the bishop of Milan?

A

St. Ambrose

147
Q

Theodosius I was forced to repent for what massacre by St Ambrose?

A

massacre at Thessalonica

148
Q

When did Theodosius I die?

A

395 A.D.

149
Q

Who were the sons and successors of Theodosius I?

A

Honorius and Arcadius

150
Q

What son of Theodosius I ruled in the west?

A

Honorius

151
Q

What son of Theodosius I ruled in the eat?

A

Arcadius

152
Q

How long did Arcadius rule in the east for?

A

395-408 A.D.

153
Q

How old was Arcadius when he became emperor?

A

17 or 18 years old

154
Q

Who was Stilicho?

A

Flavius Stilicho was a high-ranking general in the Roman army who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire. He was half Vandal and married to the niece of Emperor Theodosius I.

155
Q

Who was Arcadius’s corrupt Praetorian Prefect?

A

Rufinus

156
Q

Who rivaled Stilicho?

A

Praetorian Prefect Rufinus

157
Q

Who conspired to have Praetorian Prefect Rufinus killed?

A

Stilicho conspired with Gainas, an Ostrogoth, to have Rufinus killed

158
Q

How long did Honorius reign in the West for?

A

395- 423 A.D.

159
Q

How old was Honorius when he became emperor?

A

10 years old

160
Q

Where did Honorius move the western capital to?

A

Ravenna

161
Q

Who was Alaric?

A

King of the Visogoths

162
Q

Where did Stilicho defeat Alaric?

A

the Battle of Pollentia (402 A.D.) and Battle of Verona (403 A.D.)

163
Q

In what year did the Battle of Pollentia take place?

A

402 A.D.

164
Q

In what year did the Battle of Verona take place?

A

403 A.D.

165
Q

What was Stilicho’s military title?

A

magister utriusque militiae, master of both cavalry and infantry

166
Q

In what year was Stilicho executed?

A

408 A.D.

167
Q

Why did Honorius execute Stilicho?

A

charges of Stilicho colluding with Alaric

168
Q

In what year did Alaric of the Visigoths sack the city Rome (first time Rome was sacked in 800 years since Brennus)?

A

August 24th, 410 A.D.

169
Q

Who sacked the city of Rome on August 24th, 410 A.D.?

A

Alaric of the Visigoths

170
Q

Who succeeded Aleric?

A

Ataulf

171
Q

Who was taken captive by Aleric during his sack of Rome?

A

Galla Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius I and halfsister of Honorius

172
Q

How long did Valentinian the Third rule for in the West?

A

425-455 A.D. in the west

173
Q

Who were the parents of Valentinian the Third?

A

Galla Placidia and Constantius III

174
Q

What general defeated Atilla the Hun at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Chalons) in 451 A.D?

A

Flavius Aetius

175
Q

In what battle was Atilla the Hun defeated by Flavius Aetius in 451 A.D.?

A

the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Chalons)

176
Q

In what year did the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Chalons) occur?

A

451 A.D.

177
Q

Who was Valentinian the Third’s sister?

A

Honoria

178
Q

What bishop convinced Attila to make peace with Rome, or to withdraw from Italy without carrying off Valentinian III’s sister, Honoria (453
A.D.)?

A

Bishop of Rome, Leo I

179
Q

When did Bishop of Rome, Leo I convince Attila to make peace with Rome, or to withdraw from Italy without carrying off Valentinian III’s sister, Honoria?

A

453 A.D.

180
Q

Why was general Flavius Aetius executed by Valentinian’s III?

A

Valentinian III wasunder the influence of Petronius Maximus and the chamberlain Heraclius (454 A.D.)

181
Q

Who was the king of the Vandals?

A

Gaiseric

182
Q

In what year did Gaiseric sack Carthage?

A

439 A.D.

183
Q

What city did Gaiseric sack in 439 A.D.?

A

Carthage

184
Q

When did Gaiseric sack and plunder Rome?

A

June 3rd, 455 A.D

185
Q

Gaiseric abducted who during his sack of Rome on June 3rd, 455 A.D?

A

Valentinian III’s daughters, the younger Placidia and Eudocia

186
Q

How long did Theodosius II reign in the east for?

A

408 A.D.-450 A.D. in the east

187
Q

What women dominated Theodosius II’s rule?

A

his sister Pulcheria, and wife Aelia Eudoxia

188
Q

What work compiled all the Romans laws passed since 312 A.D. into a book of law?

A

Codex Theodosianus by Theodosius II

189
Q

What is the first university in the wolrd?

A

The Imperial University of Constantinople

190
Q

Where was The Imperial University of Constantinople located?

A

Constantinople

191
Q

Who founded The Imperial University of Constantinople

A

Theodosius II

192
Q

In what year was The Imperial University of Constantinople founded?

A

425 A.D.

193
Q

Theodosius II held the longest reign since whom?

A

Augustus

194
Q

Theodosius II ruled what part of the empire?

A

The east

195
Q

How did Theodosius II die?

A

riding incident (450 A.D.)

196
Q

When did Theodosius II die?

A

450 A.D.

197
Q

How did the eastern ruler Martian reign for?

A

450 A.D.-457 A.D.

198
Q

How long did the eastern ruler Leo I rule for?

A

457-474 A.D.

199
Q

Leo I’s attack on Gaiseric

A

a (failed) three-pronged attack on Gaiseric in 468 A.D. after he had obtained release of Eudoxia and Placidia the Younger.

200
Q

How long did Zeno rule for in the east?

A

474-491 A.D.

201
Q

Zeno ruled as emperor in the east after what part had already fallen?

A

the west

202
Q

How long did the Eastern ruler Justinian rule for?

A

527 A.D.-565 A.D.

203
Q

What law code, similar to that of Theodosius II, did Justinian pass?

A

Corpus Iuris Civilis

204
Q

Who did Justinian send to attempt to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

A

Belisarius to try to reconquer the western empire

205
Q

Who was Ricimer in the west?

A

grandson of the Visigothic Wallia, and an Arrian, Christian, placed several of these guys on the throne and was named magister utriusque militiae under Avitus

206
Q

Who succeeded Ricimer in his position?

A

Gundobad, Ricimer’s Burgundian nephew, succeeded him in the same position (472 A.D.)

207
Q

Who was the last western emperor of Rome?

A

Romulus Augustulus

208
Q

When did Romulus Augustulus reign in the west?

A

475-476 A.D

209
Q

Who placed Romulus Agustulus on the throne?

A

Orestes, the successor to Gundobad and father Romulus Augustulus, placed him on the throne

210
Q

What was Orestes former position?

A

secretary to Attila the Hun

211
Q

Who deposed of Romulus Agustulus?

A

German king Odoacer

212
Q

When was Romulus Augustulus deposed?

A

September 476

213
Q

Who was emperor in the east while Romulus Augustulus was emperor in the west?

A

Zeno

214
Q

How was Odoacer killed?

A

Theoderic the Great (Ostrogoth) killed Odoacer at a banquet circa 493 A.D.

Connor Harrison's History Notes, Flashcards for Ancient Roman History (9 decks)

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