TESTS

Question 1

A human somatic cell contains how many total autosomes?

Answer 1

44

Question 2

A gamete (egg or sperm) of a fruit fly contains how many chromosomes?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

A species of plant is found to have a haploid number of 7. How many chromatids would be present at the start of Prophase (Mitosis)?

Answer 3

28

Question 4

For the same plant, how many centromeres would you observe at Prophase I of Meiosis ?

Answer 4

14

Question 5

Homologous chromosomes separate at what specific stage of Meiosis?

Answer 5

Anaphase I

Question 6

In a color-blind male human, how many copies of the mutant color-blindness allele would be present in a somatic cell at Prophase?

Answer 6

2

Question 7

The idea that new organs and tissues arise each generation (de novo) is most consistent with which hereditary theory?

Answer 7

Epigenesis

Question 8

In a breed of sheep, only males have horns and males with horns always pass this phenotype to their sons. The Best explanation for this inheritance pattern is?

Answer 8

the horn locus is holandric

Question 9

A phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1 is the expected result from a ________ cross?

Answer 9

dihybrid recessive backcross

Question 10

If two plants are crossed and the phenotypic ratio in the progeny is found to be 9:3:4, the genotypes of these plants is most likely:

Answer 10

AaBb x AaBb

Question 11

Pleiotrophy is a genetic term best illustrated by which of the following:

Answer 11

two traits affected by one locus

Question 12

A 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio is one classic signature of the ________ mode of inheritance.

Answer 12

incomplete dominance

Question 13

The _______ Rule can be used to combine two or more _____ Ratios to form _____ Ratios.

Answer 13

Product / Segregation / Assortment

Question 14

A “Crisscross” inheritance pattern is frequently observed in the ____ Mode of Inheritance.

Answer 14

sex-linked

Question 15

A new species of beetle is discovered and several are karyotyped with the Haploid number found to = 5. For each condition below, indicate how many total chromosomes you would expect to observe in a somatic cell of a beetle.

Tetraploid?

Answer 15

20

Question 16

A new species of beetle is discovered and several are karyotyped with the Haploid number found to = 5. For each condition below, indicate how many total chromosomes you would expect to observe in a somatic cell of a beetle.

Trisomy?

Answer 16

11

Question 17

A new species of beetle is discovered and several are karyotyped with the Haploid number found to = 5. For each condition below, indicate how many total chromosomes you would expect to observe in a somatic cell of a beetle.

Monosomy?

Answer 17

9

Question 18

A new species of beetle is discovered and several are karyotyped with the Haploid number found to = 5. For each condition below, indicate how many total chromosomes you would expect to observe in a somatic cell of a beetle.

Triploid?

Answer 18

15

Question 19

A new species of beetle is discovered and several are karyotyped with the Haploid number found to = 5. For each condition below, indicate how many total chromosomes you would expect to observe in a somatic cell of a beetle.

3N+1

Answer 19

16

Question 20

16. If non‐dysjunction occurs during Meiosis Anaphase II. What is not separating properly?

Answer 20

Sister Chromatids

Question 21

What is not separating properly during mitotic non‐dysjunction?

Answer 21

Sister Chromatids

Question 22

A chromosome has the following segments, where ● represents the centromere.
ABCD•EFGH

The chromosomal change to ABCD●EEFGH would be?

Answer 22

Duplication

Question 23

A chromosome has the following segments, where ● represents the centromere.
ABCD•EFGH

The chromosomal change to AFE●DCBGH would be?

Answer 23

Inversion

Question 24

A chromosome has the following segments, where ● represents the centromere.
ABCD•EFGH

The chromosomal change to ABCD●EFGNOP would be?

Answer 24

Translocation

Question 25

Cri‐du‐chat is due to a?

Answer 25

terminal deletion

Question 26

Male “tortoise shell” cats are rare but they do occur. The most likely cause of this phenotype would be a _________ involving the ________

Answer 26

trisomy / sex chromosomes

Question 27

Dicentric chromatids are one common outcome of crossover in a ______ loop.

Answer 27

Inversion

Question 28

A common method of producing seedless fruit such as watermelons is to make them ___

Answer 28

Autopolyploid

Question 29

The term Endopolyploidy explains variation frequently found in _____ cells of vertebrates.

Answer 29

Liver

Question 30

Maternal Age effect was first associated with which chromosomal syndrome?

Answer 30

Down’s

Question 31

The form of DNA described in Watson‐Crick model was the _____ form

Answer 31

Beta (β)

Question 32

In deoxyribose, the 2’ C has a(n) ____ attached to it.

Answer 32

H

Question 33

Using the rules established in the Watson‐Crick model, a dsDNA fragment that contains 3000 base pairs would be ____________ nm long.

Answer 33

1020

Question 34

Complementarity in DNA structure describes ____________

Answer 34

hydrogen bonding between bases

Question 35

When in an electrical field, DNA will travel toward the ____ charged electrode because DNA is ________ charged.

Answer 35

positively / negatively

Question 36

DNAase, RNAse and Protease were key components of the genetic experiments conducted by?

Answer 36

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty

Question 37

If a DNA molecule of 80 base pairs contains 15 cytosines (C), how many Thymines (T) will it have?

Answer 37

65

Question 38

Phosphodiester bonds connect nucleotides at the _____________________

Answer 38

3’ and 5’ carbons

Question 39

A fragment of dsDNA that is 3000 base pairs long would have __________ Phosphodiester bonds

Answer 39

5998

Question 40

Research by ________ provided the first strong evidence that the Tetranucleotide Hypothesis of DNA structure was not correct.

Answer 40

Chargaff

Question 41

The core structure of Ribose is a ring containing 1 Oxygen and ____ Carbons

Answer 41

4

Question 42

The enzyme that helps break dsDNA into the ssDNA form needed for replication is referred to as _

Answer 42

Helicase

Question 43

In eukaryotic cells, replication only occurs once at each replication start site because ___ attach to the DNA early in the cell cycle

Answer 43

Licensing factors

Question 44

Immediately following replication, how many dsDNA molecules would be present in a somatic cell of a human?

Answer 44

92

Question 45

The lagging strand produced during DNA replication is caused by?

Answer 45

the 5’ to 3’ polarity restriction of DNA polymerase

Question 46

Replication begins at specific sequences called ________

Answer 46

origins

Question 47

During replication, ________ binds to an RNA primer and catalyzes the formation of new DNA Strands. It also exhibits exonuclease activity.

Answer 47

DNA Pol

Question 48

The essential, base material required for DNA synthesis is:

Answer 48

dNTP

Question 49

What would be the result if an organism’s telomerase were mutated and nonfunctional?

Answer 49

Chromosomes would shorten each generation

Question 50

Which of following enzymes replaces RNA primers with DNA fragments?

Answer 50

DNA polymerase

Question 51

DNA binds to nucleosomes because the outside of histones are ___________

Answer 51

positively charged

Question 52

The model hypothesized to explain the condensation of DNA into chromosomes is termed the __________________ model

Answer 52

folded fiber

Question 53

If a gene were to contain 8,000 base pairs, approximately how many nucleosomes would be present in this DNA region?

Answer 53

40

Question 54

Researchers can usually detect that a cell is very close to entering Mitosis or Meiosis by the appearance of a highly specialized protein that is involved in condensation. This protein is?

Answer 54

lamin

Question 55

A species of fish is found to have 10X more DNA than a closely related species. This finding would represent an example of the ________________

Answer 55

C-value paradox

Question 56

Centromeres and Telomeres are frequently used as examples of _____

Answer 56

constitutive heterochromatin

Question 57

The “Type of Nucleotides” found in a region of a chromosome produce its __________

Answer 57

banding pattern

Question 58

The genotypes you generated as data in the Molecular Genotyping laboratory exercise were produced from Microsatellite regions of the DNA. Microsatellites are usually considered to represent what class of nucleotides found on Cot curves ?

Answer 58

highly repetitive (HR)

Question 59

Regions of DNA that comprise what are traditionally called Genes are most commonly associated with _____

Answer 59

unique DNA

Question 60

Unique DNA accounts for approximately _____ percent of the Human genome

Answer 60

5%

Question 61

Degradation of a eukaryotic mRNA is generally protected by ___

Answer 61

Poly(A) tail

Question 62

The first posttranscriptional modification during the maturation of mRNA in eukaryotes is:

Answer 62

G-capping

Question 63

In a Consensus Model of a Eukaryotic Gene, specific regions found upstream of a gene which control the RATE and COPY NUMBER of transcription are termed _____

Answer 63

CCAAT Box

Question 64

RNA is transcribed from ssDNA in a 5’ – 3’ direction. (True / False)

Answer 64

True

Question 65

___contain short sequences (motifs) critical in regulating the binding of RNA Pol to the
DNA strand

Answer 65

Promoters

Question 66

Termination site of transcription usually is

Answer 66

GC rich

Question 67

Lariat structure are often associated with _________

Answer 67

spliceosomes

Question 68

A locus in the mitochondria of a fruit fly is found to code for a protein of 600 amino acids. What is the minimum number of nucleotides that would be needed to efficiently code for this peptide?

Answer 68

1804

Question 69

The _____ site of the ______ is where the first tRNA inserts during Translation.

Answer 69

P / small subunit

Question 70

Some amino acids could be coded by more one codon. The term associated with this property of the genetic code is:

Answer 70

degenerate

Question 71

Each of the following are Stop / Term codons except?

Answer 71

UCA

Question 72

Which of following activities occurs in the cytoplasm:

Answer 72

Translation

Question 73

Peptidyl transferase is active during____ and is a _____:

Answer 73

Translation, protein

Question 74

If a point mutation occurs where A replaces C, this would be a ______ mutation

Answer 74

transversion

Question 75

The insertion of a retro-transposon near the VvmybA1 gene is one mutation producing __

Answer 75

white grapes

Question 76

A change at the nucleotide level that results in a change in an amino acid?

Answer 76

missense

Question 77

Depurination and Deamination based mutations are generally considered ____ mutations?

Answer 77

spontaneous

Question 78

The oxidative modification of G in DNA leads to the formation of 8-oxodG, which pairs with ____ resulting in mutation

Answer 78

T

Question 79

The most common form of Sickle Cell Anemia is an example of ____ mutation

Answer 79

point mutation

Question 80

Usually, ______ sequences are part of and at both ends of most transposable elements

Answer 80

Terminal inverted repeat

Question 81

The most cost efficient (in terms of energy) place for a cell to regulate gene expression is:

Answer 81

Transcription

Question 82

If you were asked to describe how “genes” are distributed on chromosomes, the best answer
would be: Genes are __________________________

Answer 82

concentrated in random, separated areas

Question 83

A Constitutive “gene” is one that is _______ and a good example would be ________

Answer 83

always on / tRNA

Question 84

Removal (disassociation) of a Repressor protein from a gene’s Promoter region by the formation of a Repressor / Activator complex is one example of _____ Gene Regulation

Answer 84

Negative

Question 85

A Glucocorticoid Response Element is a ____________________

Answer 85

a DNA region that is attached to by a receptor protein

Question 86

While there may be reasons that someone might not want to drink cows’ milk containing the hormone rBGH, the amount of hormone in the milk is generally not a direct problem for humans because ______________

Answer 86

human cells do not generally have receptor proteins that recognize rBGH

Question 87

Acetylation and De-Acetylation of ________ is one way that transcription of DNA is commonly regulated. Acetylation generally permits transcription while De-Acetylation blocks transcription.

Answer 87

Histone “tails”

Question 88

Fruit flies exhibit the ______ Mode of Sex Determination with _______ of the mRNA from the tra gene being responsible for development of the gender phenotype

Answer 88

Lygaeus / alternate splicing

Question 89

In mammals, only the paternal allele for the Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) locus is active. This occurs because the _____ on the homolog provided by the male is methylated.

Answer 89

Insulator

Question 90

Loci were the expression of alleles is determined by the parent that contributed the allele as in the example given in Question 49 above are examples of _____

Answer 90

Genetic Imprinting