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Genetics > SG4 > Flashcards

SG4 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA condenses from 2m long to?

A

5 that ridiculously tiny one

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2
Q

the folder fiber model is

A

100 angstroms

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3
Q

folder fiber model has a core of

A

8 histone molecules

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4
Q

DNA nucleosome is about

A

150 base pairs

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5
Q

DNA wraps around 8 proteins called _______ forming a structure called a ______

A

histones, nucleosome

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6
Q

histones are _____ charged

A

positively

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7
Q

DNA is _____ charged

A

negatively

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8
Q

highly conserved means

A

a similar structure is found in a species

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9
Q

nucleosomes reduce the size of DNA to

A

about 1/7 its original length

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10
Q

How many base pairs per nucleosome?

A

200

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11
Q

How many base pairs around histones?

A

150

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12
Q

Base pairs in linked DNA?

A

50

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13
Q

What does linker DNA do?

A

links 2 nucleosomes

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14
Q

Solenoid?

A

helical winding of 5+ nucleosomes the form a structure

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15
Q

Holds structure of solenoids in place?

A

H1 histones

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16
Q

HOw big is a solenoid

A

300 angstroms in diameter

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17
Q

How do solenoids work?

A

begin to coil around each other and eventually form the fully condensed DNA structure (metaphase chromasome)

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18
Q

Chromatid is how long?

A

10 coils

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19
Q

Coil is ?

A

30 rosettes

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20
Q

rosette is ?

A

6 loops

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21
Q

loop is ?

A

75 kbp

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22
Q

final stages of condensation occur at?

A

G2 phase of interphase

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23
Q

The protein ____ allows attachment of material to form a chromasome

A

lamin

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24
Q

Lamin helps form the

A

nuclear scaffold

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25
Q

nuclear scaffold begins to form at

A

end of G2 phase

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26
Q

nuclear scaffold completed during

A

prophase

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27
Q

chromosome banding?

A

technique allows us to stain certain areas of chromosomes to make them more visible

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28
Q

banding properties depend on?

A

1) Number of nucleotides 2) shape of chromosome 3) type of nucleotides 4) degree of densely coiled DNA

29
Q

Euchromatin is ?

A

coding DNA (active genes), lighter stained areas

30
Q

Heterochromatin is ?

A

non-coding DNA, darkly stained areas

31
Q

Euchromatin is tightly coiled only during

A

prophase and metaphase

32
Q

Euchromatin contains?

A

less dense areas of DNA

33
Q

Heterochromatin contains?

A

dense areas of tightly coiled DNA

34
Q

Heterochromatin is tightly coiled during

A

the entire cell cycle

35
Q

2 types of heterochromatin?

A

constitutive heterochromatin, facultative heterochromatin

36
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin relates to?

A

small portions of chromosomes

37
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin is?

A

no coding regions always tightly coiled around centromeres and telomeres

38
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin contains?

A

highly repetitive and moderately repetitive DNA sequences

39
Q

Facultative heterochromatin relates to?

A

large portions or entire chromosomes; ex barr bodies

40
Q

TATA box?

A

highly conserved region serves as bonding site for RNA Polymerase (start site)

41
Q

promoter region?

A

on/off switch

42
Q

CCAAT box?

A

DNA binding proteins attach here. control rate and amount of copies

43
Q

Enhancer region?

A

DNA sequence where proteins bind and coordinate gene activity

44
Q

Solitary gene organization?

A

only two copies of gene in diploid organisms. bulk of eichromatin

45
Q

Duplicated gene organization?

A

similar genes code for similar proteins but have different functions. result of unequal crossover

46
Q

Multigene family gene organization?

A

identical or closely related but used for different stages of life

47
Q

pseudogenes?

A

non-functional due to substitution/deletion

48
Q

repeated genes?

A

small genes that have multiple copies at different sites

49
Q

direction of transcription?

A

5’ to 3’ on mRNA

50
Q

initiation of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase recognizes tata box and binds directly after it

51
Q

Elongation of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase continues to move along DNA template and elongate the mRNA sequence

52
Q

Termination of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase reaches GC rich area and transcription is terminated

53
Q

messenger RNA?

A

template for translation - carries complimentary code to nuclear DNA

54
Q

transfer RNA?

A

carries the amino acids to the site of translation in order to make the protein

55
Q

ribosomal RNA?

A

combines with other proteins to form subunits where translation takes place

56
Q

guanine cap?

A

added to 5’ end of RNA and Poly A tail to 3’ end to protect from degredation in the cytoplasm; ribosomal recognition site

57
Q

Introns are removed from the DNA sequence by ?

A

RNA splicing

58
Q

autocatalytic splicing?

A

able to splice itself

59
Q

spliceosome?

A

special proteins combine with defferent type of RNA to for SNURPS, which excise introns

60
Q

translation?

A

process of using the information on the mRNA to make polypeptides

61
Q

mRNA is read from ?

A

5’ to 3’

62
Q

mRNA copies DNA from ?

A

3’ to 5’

63
Q

stop codons?

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

64
Q

three main players in translation?

A

ribosome (construction site), transfer RNA (carries amino acids to site), messenger RNA (contains code for proteins)

65
Q

Steps in translation?

A

tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, termination

66
Q

aminoacyl synthetase?

A

enzyme causes amino acid to attach to tRNA

67
Q

anticodon?

A

complimentary to codon.

68
Q

peptidyl transferase?

A

catalyzes formation of peptide bonds and breaks aminoacyl bonds

Genetics (9 decks)

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