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Genetics > Test 3 powerpoints > Flashcards

Test 3 powerpoints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens during semi-conservative replication?

A

2 strands of the double helix unwind, and each makes a daughter cell by complimentary base pairng

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2
Q

DNA packs tightly into chromosomes during?

A

metaphase

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3
Q

Basic steps of the folded fiber model?

A

nucleotides pair, DNA forms into helical ds form (2nm), DNA and protein interact to form Chromatin (11nm)

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4
Q

HIstones are?

A

highly conserved proteins

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5
Q

What does Histone H1 do?

A

keeps DNA in place on nuleosome

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6
Q

HOw much double stranded DNA in in the nucleosome?

A

+/- 150 base pairs

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7
Q

Nucleosomes reduce DNA length by?

A

7x

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8
Q

THe association of histone octamers and DNA creates what arrangement?

A

beads on a string

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9
Q

How is a solenoid formed?

A

helical winding of the nucleosome strands

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10
Q

How many nucleosomes are in a solenoid?

A

5+

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11
Q

Diameter of fully condensed chromatin fiber?

A

~600nm

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12
Q

Process from solenoids to metaphase chromasome

A

solenoids coil around each other to form loops –> rosettes –> coils –> packing

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13
Q

What is the nuclear scaffold made of?

A

lamin protein

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14
Q

What does lamin do?

A

allows for attachment of highly condensed material to form a chromasome

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15
Q

scaffold is only present at ?

A

G2/M

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16
Q

Large DNA molecules must be _______ to fit within cell nuclei

A

highly condensed

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17
Q

Stages of condensation?

A

Nucleosomes (beads on a string) —> solenoids (supercoiling of nucleosomes) —> intense condensation (rosettes-coils, supercoiling of supercoils) –> folded around protein scaffold in prophase

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18
Q

idiogram?

A

alignment of chromosomes bases upon size and shape

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19
Q

chromosome staining?

A

1970 techniqies allowed greater visualization of chromosomes

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20
Q

in chromosome staining, # of nucleotides =

A

length of chromosome

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21
Q

in chromosome staining, type of nucleotides =

A

banding properties

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22
Q

in chromosome staining, banding and staining =

A

degree of condensation

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23
Q

in chromosome staining, tightly coiled =

A

darkly stained

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24
Q

2 types of chromatin ?

A

heterochromatin, euchromatin

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25
Q

heterochromatin is ?

A

tightly coiled dark staining and non-coding with few active genes

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26
Q

heterochromatin does?

A

determine chromosome structure, primarily occurs at centromeres and telomeres

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27
Q

heterochromatin remains?

A

densely coiled throughout cell cycle

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28
Q

2 types of heterochromatin?

A

constitutive and facultative

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29
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin?

A

always at centromeres and telomeres, noncoding region of chromosomes

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30
Q

facultative heterochromatin?

A

potential to become whole chromosome Ex. -barr body where whole chromosome is noncoding

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31
Q

Euchromatin is?

A

coding regions, tightly coiled only during metaphase, less densely packed and light staining

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32
Q

c-value?

A

amount of DNA contained in the haploid genome of a species

33
Q

C-value paradox?

A

excess DNA is present that does not seem to be essential to the development or evolutionary divergence of eukaryotes

34
Q

three classes of nucleotide sequences that show complexity of eukaryotic genomes?

A

Highly repetitive (least complex), moderately repetitive, unique (most complex)

35
Q

Highly repetitive class of nucleotide sequences?

A

non coding, rapid reassociation, around centromeres and telomeres maintaining chromosome morphology; 5-10%

36
Q

Moderately repetitive class of nucleotide sequences?

A

non-coding but can be transcribed, once sequence can be repeated a ridiculus amount of times (700-900,000) 5-10%

37
Q

Unique class of nucleotide sequences?

A

coding and determining genotype, 5%

38
Q

what is a gene?

A

sequence of nucleotides, carries genetic information to be expressed

39
Q

What is a molecular level gene?

A

any DNA sequence transcribed into an RNA molecule

40
Q

What is the consensus structure for a gene?

A

transcriptional unit with exons coding phenotype and introns that are not generally coding; upstream region with enhance CCAAT box and TATA box as a binding site for proteins

41
Q

The beginning and ending sequences of introns are?

A

highly conderved

42
Q

TATA box?

A

highly conserved sequence which serves as the binding site for RNA Polymerase; promoter region; start site of transcription

43
Q

Enhancer?

A

specific DNA sequences shared by genes to which proteins bind to !coordinate gene activity!

44
Q

CCAAT box?

A

site at which DNA binding proteins attach and modulate the !rate and copies of a gene made!

45
Q

Where is transcription?

A

nucleus

46
Q

When is transcription?

A

G1 or G2 (period when genes coding for cellular organelle proteins are synthesized

47
Q

How is transcription done?

A

gene promoter region defines which nucleotides will be transcribed

48
Q

Basic rules of transcription?

A

sllective process, from ssDNA, only one strand within gene is transcribed, RNA is antiparallel and complementary to DNA, 5’-3’, depends on RNA polymerase, promoters critical

49
Q

Transcription in a selective process means?

A

only certain parts of DNA are transcribed

50
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase is a complex, multimeric enzyme complex

51
Q

Step of Transcription?

A

Recognition - Initiation - Elongation -Termination

52
Q

What happens in the Recognition step of transcription?

A

TATA - Promoters; RNA polymerase recognizes and binds at the TATA box

53
Q

What happens in the initiation step of transcription?

A

binding of RNA polymerase; transcription begins at initiation site

54
Q

What happens in the elongation step of transcription?

A

Movement of RNA polymerase; introns and exons transcribed

55
Q

What happens in the termination step of transcription?

A

GC rich regions -Poly-A tail; release of both mRNA and poly-A tail

56
Q

Solitary (unique) euchromatin?

A

single copy of gene; bulk of euchromatin

57
Q

duplicated euchromatin?

A

duplicated sequences, very similar nucleotides, codes similar polypeptides with different functions, arise from unequal crossover during meiosis

58
Q

multigene families of euchromatin?

A

genes identical/ closely related and share similar function and chromasome location

59
Q

Pseudogenes of euchromatin?

A

nonfunctional due to substitution or deletion

60
Q

repeated genes of of euchromatin?

A

multiple copies of small genes clustered throughout genome at specific sites

61
Q

Processing step of transcription?

A

cap and tail addition, intron removal

62
Q

5’ cap?

A

guanine added to mRNA

63
Q

Poly A tail?

A

protects mRNA from degredation, added by poly A polymerase

64
Q

Endosymbiotic theory?

A

introns are an evolved feature. genes found in higher organisms have introns

65
Q

autocatalytic RNA?

A

splicing mechanism where the intron itself contains the enzymatic activity necessary for its removal. very common

66
Q

spliceosome?

A

large complex consisting of proteins and RNAs which excise introns in the nucleus of cells

67
Q

3 main parts of translation?

A

ribosome (rRNA & proteins) construction site, transfer RNA - delivery system, Messenger RNA -message

68
Q

Steps in translation?

A

tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, termination

69
Q

tRNA structure?

A

cloverleaf

70
Q

tRNA function?

A

delivers amino acids one by one to growing peptide chain at ribosome

71
Q

Anti-codon loop of tRNA?

A

complementary to codon

72
Q

Acceptor site of tRNA?

A

site where amino acid attaches

73
Q

tRNA charging of translation?

A

tRNA molecules liked with AA (amino acid)

74
Q

Ribosome?

A

40s + 60s = 80s; P site = peptide; A site = acce[tpr

75
Q

initiation of translation?

A

small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA at initiation site (AUG)

76
Q

During initiation of translation, the charged tRNA with the specific anticodon for the start site, _______________

A

binds to the triplet in the P site of the small subunit

77
Q

Peptidyl transferase

A

peptide bond links 2 amino acids during elongation

78
Q

termination of translation?

A

stop codon, no amino acid, signals release factors

Genetics (9 decks)

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