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SG1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Sex influenced trait

A

Expression of the trait is influenced by sex, but both sexes can express it. Trait will be dominant in one sex but recessive in the other

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1
Q

Holandric

A

Y linked traits

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2
Q

Sex limited traits

A

Only expressed in one sex but both sexes carry the allele. Ex feathering in chickens

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3
Q

Hemizygous

A

When a gene is carried on the x chomazome, males (or heterogametic sex) will express the trait found on their only x chromasome.

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4
Q

Sex linkage

A

Gene is carried on the x chromasome. Phenotype of daughter determined by male; phenotype of son determined by mother; results of reciprocal crosses will be different.

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5
Q

Mode of sex determination in birds fish moths and butterflies?

A

Lygaeous where the male is homogametic (zz) and the female is heterogametic (zw)

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6
Q

Lygaeous mode

A

Mode of sex determination where the are 2 distinct sex chromosomes. XX/XY or ZZ/ZW.

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7
Q

Homogametic sex

A

XX OR ZZ. Female in all mammals but male in birds fish moths and butterflies.

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8
Q

Heterogametic sex

A

XY OR ZW. Male in all mammals but female in birds fish moths and butterflies.

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9
Q

Protector mode

A

Absence of a chromosome determines sex. (XX/XO system where o is the absence of a chromosome) XX is often female (2n) XO is often male (2n-1)

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10
Q

Bombay phenotype epistasis

A

ABO blood types. A and B are codominant. O is recessive. H is dominant to produce antigens. If hh, will be O bc no antigens produced.

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11
Q

Double recessive epistasis

A

9:7 ratio. Ex A or B is dominant for purple but aa or bb will turn off color and make it white.

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12
Q

9:7

A

Double recessive epistasis

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13
Q

Single recessive epistasis

A

9:3:4 ratio. Ex. A allows color but aa will be albino no matter what the other genotype is. B will be agouti but bb will be black.

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14
Q

9:3:4

A

Single recessive epistasis

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15
Q

Double dominant epistasis

A

15:1 ratio. Ex A or B will produce triangular seeds but aabb will produce ovoid.

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16
Q

15:1

A

Double dominant epistasis

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17
Q

Single dominant epistasis

A

12:3:1 ratio. Ex. A will turn off color to produce white no matter the other allele. aa and B will be yellow. aa and bb will be green.

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18
Q

12:3:1

A

Single dominant epistasis

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19
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction between 2/more loci that results in the production of a single trait. Most often one gene will mask/ modify the other. Can start from a 9:3:3:1 to figure it out.

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20
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

A single gene has multiple phenotypic effects ex. Color and life in foxes.

21
Q

Recessive lethals

A

2:1 signature ratio. Requires 2 copies of lethal allele to be expressed.

22
Q

2:1

A

Recessive lethal. Essentially dropping out a part. Instead of 1:2:1 it becomes 2:1

23
Q

How can dominant lethals exist?

A

Delayed expression, conditional lethality, incomplete penetrance.

24
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

Not all genes do what they are supposed to. Only a fraction actually express the phenotype.

25
Q

Conditional lethality

A

Dependent on environmental conditions.

26
Q

Delayed expression

A

Expression of lethal allele is delayed to a later point in life. Ex - huntingtons disease.

27
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A

During formation of gametes, alleles at each locus will separate independently from alleles at differ loci

Homologs will separate independently of other homologous chromosomes.

28
Q

Principle of segregation

A

During gamete formation, the paired alleles at one locus separate randomly during anaphase so that each gamete receives one allele or another.

Homologous chromosomes separate randomly

29
Q

How to find all possible combinations of gametes?

A

2^n where is is haploid number.

30
Q

Sister chromatids?

A

Exact copies of each other. When replicated, the DNA copy is made into the sister chromatid.

31
Q

Mitosis

A

Process that leads to the production of 2 identical cells.

32
Q

Meiosis

A

Process that results in the production of gametes where each gamete has half the amount of chromosomes as the parent.

33
Q

Codominance

A

Phenotype of each allele is fully and simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote. Phenotypic ratio = genotypic ratio.

34
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The heterozygote is completely different from the 2 parents but is usually an intermediate between them. Genotype = phenotype.

35
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

N-1 where n is the number of different categories.

36
Q

Chi squared

A

Sum of (observed - expected)^2
———————————-
Expected

37
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Assumes that any deviation from the predicted value occurs by chance alone

38
Q

Product rule for probability.

A

The chance of the independent event multiples by the chance of the other independent events…..

39
Q

Mendel’s postulates?

A

1) genes exist in pairs on homologous chromosomes.
2) dominance/recessiveness
3) principle of segregation
4) principle of independent assortment

40
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate forms of the same gene

41
Q

Diploid

A

(2n)have two copies of every chromosome or have homologs

42
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

Depends on cross made (the alleles present)

43
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

Depends on mode of inheritance (what it looks like)

44
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits to subsequent generations

45
Q

Trait

A

Phenotypic variation of an inherited character

46
Q

AA X aa – name, genotypes, phenotypes?

A

Parental cross; genotypes all Aa; phenotypes all A_

47
Q

Aa x Aa name, phenotypes, genotypes?

A

F1 cross, 1AA:2Aa:1aa, 3A_:1aa

48
Q

Aa x aa name, genotypes, phenotypes?

A

Recessive backcross, 1Aa:1aa, 1A_:1aa

49
Q

Aa x AA name, genotypes, phenotypes?

A

Dominant backcross, 1Aa::1AA, all A_

Genetics (9 decks)

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