FInal SG

Question 1

The structure of a peptide chain determines its ________?

Answer 1

function

Question 2

Mutations definition?

Answer 2

change in DNA sequence

Question 3

Spontaneous mechanism of mutation?

Answer 3

no artificial/ external factors. Occur from loss of DNA polymerase fidelity or proofreading ability

Question 4

Induced mechanism of mutation?

Answer 4

due to chemical/ environmental factors

Question 5

Transition mutation?

Answer 5

purine for purine (A-G). pyrimidine for pyrimidine (C-T).

Question 6

Transversion mutation?

Answer 6

purine for pyrimidine. Pyrimidine for purine.

Question 7

Point mutation?

Answer 7

change in single nucleotide

Question 8

Silent mutation?

Answer 8

change codes for same amino acid bc genetic code is degenerate

Question 9

Wobble base?

Answer 9

third position base change does not always change amino acid (degenerate code)

Question 10

MIssense Mutation?

Answer 10

Change in single nucleotide results in different amino acid

Question 11

Non-sense mutation?

Answer 11

change codes for stop

Question 12

Framshift mutation?

Answer 12

insertion/deletion. change in mRNA reading frame

Question 13

Mutations in somatic cells?

Answer 13

change in individual, but do not pass to next generation

Question 14

Mutation in germ cells?

Answer 14

can be passed to next generation depending on mode of inheritance

Question 15

What cause a spontaneous mutation?

Answer 15

nothing

Question 16

Pleitrophy?

Answer 16

one gene influences multiple traits

Question 17

Constitutive gene expression?

Answer 17

genes are ALWAYS made and present

Question 18

Inducible gene expression?

Answer 18

on/off mechanism. how they turn on/off depends on cellular environment

Question 19

Transcriptional level of regulation?

Answer 19

transcription either allowed or prevented. induced by external environment

Question 20

post transcriptional level of regulation?

Answer 20

message stability. sequence degrades after a number of times mRNA used due to length of polyA tail and guanine cap.

Question 21

translational level of regulation?

Answer 21

how and when the message is used

Question 22

post translational level of regulation?

Answer 22

modifications are made to protein product. acylation, methylation, etc.

Question 23

HR Complex?

Answer 23

hormone binds and causes tata box to be more easily recognizable

Question 24

population?

Answer 24

group of interbreeding/ potentially interbreeding organisms

Question 25

gene pool?

Answer 25

total of all alleles ((genetic info) possessed by reproducing members of a population

Question 26

population genetics?

Answer 26

studies the mechanisms of the modificication of gene pools

Question 27

Allele frequency formula?

Answer 27

Frequency of allele X = 2(#homozygotes for allele X) + (#heterozygotes)

2(Total #)

Question 28

Hardy Weinburg ideal poulation?

Answer 28

frequency of alleles does not change through generations; after a generation of random mating, future offspring pheotypes can be predicted

Question 29

Conditions for hardy-Weinburg equilibrium?

Answer 29

large random mating population; no genetic drift; no selection; no mutations; no migration

Question 30

Hardy-Weinburg equation?

Answer 30

p= frequency of dominant allele

q= frequency of recessive allele

p² + 2pq + q² = 1.0

p²= frequency of dominant homozygotes

2pq= frequency of hoterozygotes

q²= frequency of recessive homozygotes

Question 31

Three main things that divide a population?

Answer 31

separate sexes; age structure (not all have ability to mate); spatial substructure (environmental separation)

Question 32

Positive assortment mating?

Answer 32

outbreeding; mating between genetically unrelated organisms

Question 33

non-random mating?

Answer 33

inbreeding (consanguineous breeding); self fertililization

Question 34

genetic drift?

Answer 34

changes in allele frequency due to chance (bottlenecking)