Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards
Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
what is general intelligence (g)
General intelligence underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
What is s intelligence
Special, outstanding abilities
Who developed g intelligence
Charles Spearman
What is factor analysis
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score
Howard Gardner
identified 8 relatively independent intelligences
what are the 8 intelligences
visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic
Savant syndrome
Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Triarchic theory
There are three intelligences. Analytical, creative, practical
Analytical intelligence
Academic problem-solving
Creative intelligence
Innovative smarts
Practical intelligence
Finding multiple solutions to everyday tasks
Musical
ability to produce and understand pitch, tempo, rhythym
Visual-spatial
ability to think in images and pictures
logical-mathematical
ability to think abstractly and see patterns and logic and math
bodily-kinesthetic
ability to control body movements and handle objects
Interpersonal intelligence
ability to work well with others
verbal-linguistic
ability to understand word meanings
What is emotional intelligence
Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
What is the Flynn effect
Intelligence test performance has improved. Average person’s intelligence score in 1920 was- by today’s standard- only 76
What is grit
Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
What three criteria must an intelligence test meet to be accepted
standardized, reliable, valid
Standardized
To make scores meaningful they are compared to a pretested sample population
Reliable
The test gives consistent scores no matter who takes it or when it is taken
Valid
The test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
What is the normal curve
Scores typically form a bell-shaped pattern. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer scores lie near the extremes
In a normal distribution mean, median and mode…
are all the same and at the center
How do tests remain standardized?
Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales are periodically restandardized
How is reliability determined
The higher the correlation between two scores, the higher the test’s reliability
Content validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (drivers test is valid because it samples tasks a driver faces)
Predictive validity
Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict (a test taken by high schoolers predicting what career path is best for them)
What is an intelligence test
Method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Achievement test
Exam covering what you have learned (Past learning)
Aptitude test
Predicts your ability (Future potential)
Francis Galton
Wanted to use intelligence testing for Eugenics- selective reproduction used to enhance human race
Alfred Binet
Designed fair and unbiased intelligence tests to administer to French schoolchildren. Studied mental and chronological ages
Intelligence quotient (IQ) formula, what is the average
(Mental age/ chronological age) x 100.
Average is 100
What is currently the most widely used individual intelligence test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS)
What does the WAIS do
designed to measure intelligence and cognitive abilities in adults and older adolescents
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age
Cross-sectional research method
Compare people of different ages at the same point in time. Scores declined with age
Longitudinal studies
Follow and retest the same people over time. Scores rise into adulthood
Intellectual disability
Condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life
What two criteria must be met to diagnose an intellectual disability
low IQ test score, difficulty adapting to independence
What is down syndrome
Condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
What is giftedness
Youth who give evidence of high achievement capability
Stereotype threat
Risk of confirming sterotypes about an individual. (By telling a class that boys are better at math than girls, the girls will have lower scores)
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy
When a person’s expectations of another person lead them to behave in an expected way
Difference in intelligence based on gender
girls outspace boys in spelling, verbal fluency, locating objects, detecting emotions, and sensitivity to touch, taste, and color
Boys outperform girls in tests of spatial ability and complex math problems
