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AP Psych > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

A system that encodes, stores, and retreives information

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2
Q

three retention measures

A

recall, recognition, relearning

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3
Q

Recall

A

One must reproduce previously presented material (essay test, sketch of a subject)

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4
Q

Recognition

A

One must identify information that is provided, which has previously been presented (multiple choice test, police line up)

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5
Q

Relearning

A

Relearning information that has been previously learned, but you do so quicker a second time around. Improves strength of memories (Review sessions)

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6
Q

Information-processing model

A

Human brain takes essentially meaningless information and turns it into meaningful patterns

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7
Q

Three steps of information-processing model

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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8
Q

Encoding

A

getting information into memory

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9
Q

Storage

A

Keeping information in our memory

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10
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information out of our memory

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11
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously (sometimes unconsciously)

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12
Q

Three stage model of human memory

A
  1. Record information to remember as a fleeting sensory memory
  2. Process information into short-term or working memory, where we encode through rehearsal
  3. information can move into long-term memory for later retrieval
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13
Q

Rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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14
Q

3 types of encoding

A

semantic, acoustic, visual

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15
Q

semantic encoding

A

encoding of meaning, including meaning of words

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16
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

encoding of sound, especially sound of words

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16
Q

Visual encoding

A

encoding of picture images

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17
Q

Rosy retrospection

A

Recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane

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18
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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19
Q

Peg-word system

A

“one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, four is a door”- requires visualization of a jingle

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20
Q

Sensory memory

A

the immediate recording of sensory information in the memory system

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20
Q

Hierarchies

A

few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts

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21
Q

Working memory

A

holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten

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22
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, experiences

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23
Q

What does the hippocampus do in terms of storage

A

Long term processing site for explicit memories. (declarative)
Left: verbal information
Right: visual information

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24
Q

What role does cerebellum play in storage

A

Processes implicit memories created through classical conditioning (non declarative)

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25
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

The more a memory is utilized, the more potential strength that neuron has. Neural basis for learning and remembering associations

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26
Q

Retreival cues

A

Search terms we use to activate memory- like a google search, the more specific, the better results

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26
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

the more closely the retreival cues match the way the information was encoded, the better the information will be remembered

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27
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

We tend to selectively remember our memories that match our current mood

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28
Q

Eidetic imagery

A

recall a memory and portraying the most interesting and meaningful parts most accuratley

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29
Q

2 types of processing

A

shallow, deep

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30
Q

Shallow processing

A

Leads to short term retention using visual and verbal processing

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31
Q

Deep processing

A

semantic processing:
happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning

Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal, a more meaningful analysis of information and leads to better recall

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31
Q

Coping mechanisms of working memory

A

chunking and rehearsal

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32
Q

chunking

A

Creating chunks based on patterns or meaningful units of memory, allows us to fit more information into the seven available slots of working memory

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33
Q

Rehearsal

A

Information is repeated to keep it from fading while in working memory

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33
Q

Spacing effect

A

tendency for distributed practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through mass study or practice

34
Q

Testing effect

A

testing improves memory- enhanced memory after retrieving rather than just simply reading information (reading checks)

35
Q

Working memory location

A

frontal cortex

36
Q

Implicit memory

A

A memory that was not deliberately learned- no conscious awareness (muscle memory of throwing a ball, automatic processing)

37
Q

Explicit memory

A

a memory that had been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled (the three stages of memory, effortful processing)

38
Q

Types of declarative memory

A

Episodic, Semantic

39
Q

Episodic memory

A

Portion of memory that stores personal events or “episodes” (ex: time and place)

40
Q

Semantic memory

A

Portion of memory stores general knowledge, facts and language meaning (where all the information you “know” is stored)

41
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Clear and vivid memories of highly emotional events. Remembering exactly where they were, when it happened, emotions (9/11)

42
Q

Priming

A

Technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus (Ex: prime someone to walk more slowly by having them read words like cautious or leisurely)

43
Q

Consolidation

A

Information in the working memory is gradually changed over to long term memories

44
Q

What does the amygdala do for memory

A

strengthening memories that have strong emotional connections

45
Q

Schemas

A

personal understanding of specific settings. direct our memory construction

46
Q

Misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
(car accident example)

47
Q

Why does imagination inflation occur

A

Visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas

48
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember information previously stored in memory

49
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form memories from new material

50
Q

Source amnesia and cause

A

can learn new facts, but have no memory of the source because of consolidation error

51
Q

Transience/Decay theory

A

unused memories fade gradually over time

52
Q

Interference theory

A

other memories interfere with retrieval

53
Q

Types of interference

A

Proactive, retroactive

54
Q

Proactive interference

A

When an old memory disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory

55
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory

56
Q

Absent-mindedness forgetting

A

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention (forgetting where you parked, losing keys)

57
Q

Serial position effect

A

Form of interference related to the sequence in which material is presented

57
Q

Blocking forgetting

A

forgetting when a memory cannot be retrieved because of interference

58
Q

Primacy

A

relative ease of remembering the first information in a series

59
Q

Recency

A

Strong memories of the most recent information in a series

60
Q

Misattribution (distortion)

A

When a memory is retreived, but associated with the wrong time, place, or person (TV rape example)

61
Q

Suggestibility (distortion)

A

Process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

62
Q

Bias (distortion)

A

Influence of personal beliefs, attitudes and experiences on memory

63
Q

Expectancy bias

A

a memory tendency to distort recalled events to fit one’s expectations(ice cream)

64
Q

Self-consistency bias

A

A commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes and beliefs, over time, then we actually are
(thinking you have always loved ice cream, but in reality you hated it when you were younger)

65
Q

Persistence (intrusion)

A

Memory problem where unwanted memories cannot be put out of their mind

66
Q

transience is to ____ as suggestibility is to _____

A

forgetting, blocking

67
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and, eventually, the ability to carry out simple tasks

68
Q

Herman Ebbingham

A

Tested himself on memorization of random syllables, and forgot them over time, but he could relearn them in less time

69
Q

Overlearning

A

Process of rehearsing a skill even after improvement has stopped

70
Q

Connectionism model

A

Memories are products of interconnected neural networks. Everytime you learn something, your brains neural connections change, forming and strengthening pathways that allow you to interact with and learn from your constantly changing environment

71
Q

Alan Baddeleys model

A

1) Auditory rehearsal and Visual-spatial information
2) Central executive focuses our attention
3) Memories are pulled from long term memory to help make sense of new information

72
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Removed pieces of rats brains, and they still retained partial memory of how to get out of the maze

73
Q

What role does the basal ganglia play in memory

A

Facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills

74
Q

infantile amnesia

A

Our conscious memory of our first four years is largely blank

75
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Observed synaptic changes during learning in the neurons of Cali sea slug

76
Q

Sea slug example

A

When learning occurs, slug releases more of the neurotransmitter serotonin into certain neurons. These cells synapses then become more efficient at transmitting signals

77
Q

What role does serotonin play in memory

A

Declarative memories that contain personal experiences, general facts, events

78
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; neural basis for learning and memory

79
Q

What role does glutamate play in memory

A

LTP-enhancing neurotransmitter

80
Q

Context dependent memory

A

Affected by the cues we have associated with that context

81
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

82
Q

Encoding failures

A

Brain areas that jump into action when young adults encode new information are less responsive in older adults

83
Q

Storage decay

A

Gradual fading of the physical memory trace

84
Q

motivated forgetting

A

We repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety

85
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

86
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

87
Q

Can memories of childhood sexual abuse be repressed and then recovered

A

Recovery is unlikely, it would probably be a false memory

88
Q

Why are children eyewitness descriptions unreliable

A

Frontal lobe has not fully matured

AP Psych (6 decks)

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