MESH Flashcards
Define motivation
A need or desire that causes a behavior toward a goal
What is a primary need
Innate and unlearned behavior (hunger,thirst, need for warmth)
What is a secondary need
Physiological needs such as social approval, belonging, love
Define drive
State of arousal caused by biological or physiological needs motivates us to engage in drive reducing behaviors
Define drive reduction theory and its relation to homeostasis
We are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive.. in order to return our body to homeostasis
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Any behavior that leads to a desirable outcome will be repeated
Relate the law of effect to drive reduction theory
If homeostasis is achieved by a behavior, that behavior will likely be repeated
Define incentive theory
We are motivated by promise of a reward or punishment
Connect the law of effect to incentive theory
The neurotransmitter dopamine is released in a neural reward circuit when we feel pleasure. We are then motivated to engage in the behavior that brought us pleasure.
Define intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Define extrinsic motivation
desire to perform a behavior because of promised reward or threats of punishment
Define over justification effect
Expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
Define arousal theory
Motivation is caused by specific levels of arousal. Each person seeks to obtain and maintain an optimum level of arousal
Define Yerkes-Dodson Law
The relationship between arousal and performance. Too much or too little arousal will negatively impact performance. (inverted U)
How do instincts explain motivation
Behaviors are caused by biological needs to survive
What theory has replaced instinct theory
Evolutionary theory
What is instinct theory
We are motivated by survival needs
Define an incentive
Positive or negative stimuli that motivates behavior
Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Pyramid in which the lowest level must be met to some degree before moving on to the next, we spend our lives climbing the pyramid
List the 6 of Maslow’s Hierarchy tiers
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization, self-transendence
Describe Washburns study
He swallowed a balloon to discover his stomach was contracting whenever he felt hunger
Relationship between insulin and blood glucose
As one goes up, the other goes down
If your glucose level is low, you feel _____
hungry
Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to ___
feel hunger and eat
Stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus will make an animal …
Not feel hunger
Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach, monitored by thr hypothalamus
Ghrelin
What is a set point
Point at which an individuals weight thermostat is naturally set
What do starchy foods do for the body
Boost levels of serotonin
Define mere exposure effect
Increased exposure decreases aversion
How does unit bias impact quantity of food consumed
The standard serving is considered the correct amount, causing them to eat larger portions
How has storing fat contributed to obesity
Helped humans during times of food scarcity, but now the world has an abundance of food
How does metabolism affect obesity
Metabolism influences how efficiently the body uses energy
How do genes contribute to obesity
Determine susceptibility to obesity
How does environment factors contribute to obesity
Diet and physical activity
Testosterone
Male hormone triggers growth of male sex organs in the fetus and their development during puberty
Estrogen
Secreted in large amounts by females contributes to development of female sex characteristics. Peaks during ovulation
Four stages of Master and Johnsons sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Define refractory period
Resting period after an orgasm in which another orgasm cannot be acheived dfor a period of time
Define ostracism
Intentional social exclusion
How does social exclusion affect the brain
Increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, social exclusion is Psychologically painful
Define achievement motivation
Behavior driven by a desire for accomplishment
Define grit
Perseverance and passion towards long-term goals
Lateral hypothalamus in relation to eating
When stimulated, promotes eating behaviors through the release of orexin
Approach/Approach + level of conflict
Choosing between two desirable outcomes. low conflict
Avoidance/Avoidance + level of conflict
Choosing between two undesirable outcomes. High conflict
Approach/Avoidance + level of conflict
Conflict occurs when one event has desirable and undesirable outcomes. High conflict
Double approach/avoidance
Choosing between two options that have both desirable and desirable outcomes (pro/con list)
James Lange theory
Stimulus.. physiological response… emotion
Schachter-Singer/Two factor theory
Physiological arousal… cognitive appraisal… emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion and physiological response occur at the same time, yet independently
Lazarus Theory
Cognitive appraisal… physiological arousal and emotion at the same time yet independently
High road emotions
slow moving- complex emotions, love
Low road emotions
quick moving- fear, surprise, anger
Duchenne smile
Natural smile, raised cheeks and activates muscles under eyes
Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring ones teeth to threaten predators
Charles Darwin
Define stress and how homeostasis plays a role
human system responds to changes in its balanced state
Define stressor
Anything perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding
Define adaptation
Change in response to a stressor
Difference between eustress and distress
Eustress is beneficial, distress is detrimental
Stages of general adaptation syndrome and their meanings
Alarm reaction: stressor upsets homeostasis
Resistance: Body fights back by adjusting to the stressor
Exhaustion: Body no longer able to resist the stressor
Hormones involved in a stress response
Adrenaline, cortisol, glucose
