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AP Psych > MESH > Flashcards

MESH Flashcards

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1
Q

Define motivation

A

A need or desire that causes a behavior toward a goal

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2
Q

What is a primary need

A

Innate and unlearned behavior (hunger,thirst, need for warmth)

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3
Q

What is a secondary need

A

Physiological needs such as social approval, belonging, love

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4
Q

Define drive

A

State of arousal caused by biological or physiological needs motivates us to engage in drive reducing behaviors

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5
Q

Define drive reduction theory and its relation to homeostasis

A

We are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive.. in order to return our body to homeostasis

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6
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

Any behavior that leads to a desirable outcome will be repeated

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7
Q

Relate the law of effect to drive reduction theory

A

If homeostasis is achieved by a behavior, that behavior will likely be repeated

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8
Q

Define incentive theory

A

We are motivated by promise of a reward or punishment

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9
Q

Connect the law of effect to incentive theory

A

The neurotransmitter dopamine is released in a neural reward circuit when we feel pleasure. We are then motivated to engage in the behavior that brought us pleasure.

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10
Q

Define intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

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11
Q

Define extrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform a behavior because of promised reward or threats of punishment

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12
Q

Define over justification effect

A

Expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

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13
Q

Define arousal theory

A

Motivation is caused by specific levels of arousal. Each person seeks to obtain and maintain an optimum level of arousal

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14
Q

Define Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The relationship between arousal and performance. Too much or too little arousal will negatively impact performance. (inverted U)

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15
Q

How do instincts explain motivation

A

Behaviors are caused by biological needs to survive

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16
Q

What theory has replaced instinct theory

A

Evolutionary theory

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17
Q

What is instinct theory

A

We are motivated by survival needs

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18
Q

Define an incentive

A

Positive or negative stimuli that motivates behavior

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19
Q

Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A

Pyramid in which the lowest level must be met to some degree before moving on to the next, we spend our lives climbing the pyramid

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20
Q

List the 6 of Maslow’s Hierarchy tiers

A

Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization, self-transendence

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21
Q

Describe Washburns study

A

He swallowed a balloon to discover his stomach was contracting whenever he felt hunger

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22
Q

Relationship between insulin and blood glucose

A

As one goes up, the other goes down

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23
Q

If your glucose level is low, you feel _____

A

hungry

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24
Q

Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to ___

A

feel hunger and eat

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25
Q

Stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus will make an animal …

A

Not feel hunger

26
Q

Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach, monitored by thr hypothalamus

A

Ghrelin

27
Q

What is a set point

A

Point at which an individuals weight thermostat is naturally set

28
Q

What do starchy foods do for the body

A

Boost levels of serotonin

29
Q

Define mere exposure effect

A

Increased exposure decreases aversion

30
Q

How does unit bias impact quantity of food consumed

A

The standard serving is considered the correct amount, causing them to eat larger portions

31
Q

How has storing fat contributed to obesity

A

Helped humans during times of food scarcity, but now the world has an abundance of food

32
Q

How does metabolism affect obesity

A

Metabolism influences how efficiently the body uses energy

33
Q

How do genes contribute to obesity

A

Determine susceptibility to obesity

34
Q

How does environment factors contribute to obesity

A

Diet and physical activity

35
Q

Testosterone

A

Male hormone triggers growth of male sex organs in the fetus and their development during puberty

36
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted in large amounts by females contributes to development of female sex characteristics. Peaks during ovulation

37
Q

Four stages of Master and Johnsons sexual response cycle

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

38
Q

Define refractory period

A

Resting period after an orgasm in which another orgasm cannot be acheived dfor a period of time

39
Q

Define ostracism

A

Intentional social exclusion

40
Q

How does social exclusion affect the brain

A

Increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, social exclusion is Psychologically painful

41
Q

Define achievement motivation

A

Behavior driven by a desire for accomplishment

42
Q

Define grit

A

Perseverance and passion towards long-term goals

43
Q

Lateral hypothalamus in relation to eating

A

When stimulated, promotes eating behaviors through the release of orexin

44
Q

Approach/Approach + level of conflict

A

Choosing between two desirable outcomes. low conflict

45
Q

Avoidance/Avoidance + level of conflict

A

Choosing between two undesirable outcomes. High conflict

46
Q

Approach/Avoidance + level of conflict

A

Conflict occurs when one event has desirable and undesirable outcomes. High conflict

47
Q

Double approach/avoidance

A

Choosing between two options that have both desirable and desirable outcomes (pro/con list)

48
Q

James Lange theory

A

Stimulus.. physiological response… emotion

49
Q

Schachter-Singer/Two factor theory

A

Physiological arousal… cognitive appraisal… emotion

50
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotion and physiological response occur at the same time, yet independently

51
Q

Lazarus Theory

A

Cognitive appraisal… physiological arousal and emotion at the same time yet independently

52
Q

High road emotions

A

slow moving- complex emotions, love

53
Q

Low road emotions

A

quick moving- fear, surprise, anger

54
Q

Duchenne smile

A

Natural smile, raised cheeks and activates muscles under eyes

55
Q

Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring ones teeth to threaten predators

A

Charles Darwin

56
Q

Define stress and how homeostasis plays a role

A

human system responds to changes in its balanced state

57
Q

Define stressor

A

Anything perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding

58
Q

Define adaptation

A

Change in response to a stressor

59
Q

Difference between eustress and distress

A

Eustress is beneficial, distress is detrimental

60
Q

Stages of general adaptation syndrome and their meanings

A

Alarm reaction: stressor upsets homeostasis
Resistance: Body fights back by adjusting to the stressor
Exhaustion: Body no longer able to resist the stressor

61
Q

Hormones involved in a stress response

A

Adrenaline, cortisol, glucose

AP Psych (6 decks)

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