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AP Psych > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality

A

An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Define Psychodynamic theories

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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3
Q

Define Psychoanalysis

A

the techniques used in treating psychological disorders b seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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4
Q

Define unconscious according to Freud

A

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

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5
Q

Define unconscious according to contemporary psychologists

A

Information processing of which we are unaware

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6
Q

Define free association

A

A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing (Freud)

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7
Q

Define Id

A

Reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification

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8
Q

Define superego

A

Develops around ages 4-5. Part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement from the conscience and for future aspirations.

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9
Q

Define ego

A

Largely conscious part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the ids desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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10
Q

Define psychosexual stages

A

Childhood stages of development during which the Ids pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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11
Q

Define erogenous zones

A

Distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body

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12
Q

Oedipus/Electra complex

A

A boys/girls sexual desires toward their mother/father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival parent

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13
Q

First psychosexual stage + focus

A

Oral (0-18 months)
Pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

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14
Q

Second psychosexual stage + focus

A

Anal (18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

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15
Q

Third psychosexual stage

A

Phallic (3-6 years)
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

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16
Q

Fourth psychosexual stage

A

Latency (6-puberty)
A phase of dominant sexual feelings

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17
Q

FIfth psychosexual stage

A

Genital (puberty +)
Maturation of sexual interests

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18
Q

Define identification

A

Process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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19
Q

Define fixation

A

A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved (freud)

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20
Q

Fixation traits of the oral stage

A
  1. Passive dependence
    • Like that of a nursing infant
  2. Exaggerated denial
    • Acting tough, sacarsticc, smoking, excessive eating
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21
Q

Define defense mechanisms

A

The egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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22
Q

Define repression

A

Defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Underlies all other mechanisms

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23
Q

Define regression

A

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

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24
Q

Define reaction formation

A

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (saying you didnt wanna be on the team that badly anyway)

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25
Q

Define projection

A

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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26
Q

Define rationalization

A

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions

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27
Q

Define displacement

A

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

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28
Q

Define sublimation

A

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

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29
Q

Define denial

A

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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30
Q

Alfred Adler and Karen Horney beliefs

A
  • Agreed with Freud that childhood is important
  • Believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation
31
Q

Alfred Adler beliefs

A

Much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power

32
Q

Karen Horney beliefs

A

Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security
Attempted to balance Freuds masculine bias

33
Q

Carl Jung beliefs

A

-Less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence
-Believed we have a collective unconscious

34
Q

Define collective unconscious

A

Carl Jungs concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

35
Q

Define projective test

A

A personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics

36
Q

Define Thematic Apperception Test

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

37
Q

Define Rorschach inkblot test

A

The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

38
Q

How does modern research contradict Freud

A
  • Our development is seen as lifelong rather than fixed in childhood
    -We doubt that infants’ neural networks are mature enough to sustain as much emotional trauma as Freud thought
39
Q

What of Freuds theories have been confirmed

A

Unconscious mind, reaction formation, projection

40
Q

Define terror-management theory

A

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

41
Q

Humanistic theories view

A

Personality is driven by needs to adapt and learn, rather than unconscious conflicts or defense mechanisms

42
Q

According the humanistic theories, what causes mental disorders

A

A person is in an unhealthy situation that causes low self-esteem and unmet needs

43
Q

Maslow views

A
  • Hierarchy of needs
    -Self-actualizing personalities: healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials
  • Goal: achieve self-transcendence
44
Q

Carl Rogers views

A

Humanistic psychologist
- Healthy personalities are a fully functioning person
- Unconditional positive regard: attitude of total acceptance toward others
-Self-concept: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves (Real self vs. Ideal self)

45
Q

Criticisms of Humanistic theories

A

-Maslows hierarchy has no system
- Fuzzy definitions- what really is self actualization?

46
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Based on the idea that personality is a result of learning, perception and social interaction. Derives from experiments. Scientific

47
Q

Observational learning

A

Part of the social cognitive theories
Albert Bandura
-Self-efficacy: belief in oneself in order to achieve a goal
-Reciprocal determinism: personality is influenced by environment, cognitions, and behavior

48
Q

Define self control

A

Part of the social cognitive perspective: Ability to control impulses and delay gratification

49
Q

Define internal and external locus of control

A

Internal: perception that one controls their own fate
External: Perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine their fate

50
Q

Define learned helplessness

A

Part of the social cognitive perspective
Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)
- Hopelessness someone learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

51
Q

Define traits

A

Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and to guide their thoughts and actions

52
Q

Gordon Allport view on personality

A

Describing traits is more important than explaining them

53
Q

Define temperament

A

Inherited personality dispositions apparent in early childhood that establish our “tempo” and “mood”
Affected by biological dispositions

54
Q

The three traits (CCS)

A

-Cardinal trait: characteristic or feature so important to a person that it identifies them
-Central trait: traits that make us predictable in most situations
-Secondary trait: Least important but conveys our preferences to items

55
Q

Define Factor analysis

A

Statistical procedure identifying clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence

56
Q

Extraversion vs introversion

A

Extra: Social, outgoing active, lively
Intro: Thoughtful, reserved, quiet

57
Q

Emotional stability vs instability

A

Stability: easy-going, relaxed, even tempered
Instability: Moody, anxious, restless

58
Q

Define self

A

The center of personality, organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

59
Q

Define spotlight effect

A

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

60
Q

define self esteem vs. self efficacy

A

esteem: feelings of high or low self worth
Efficacy: belief in oneself in order to achieve a goal

61
Q

What is a self-serving bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

62
Q

Define individualism

A

Prioritizing ones own goals over group goals

63
Q

Define collectivism

A

Prioritizing group goals over individual goals

64
Q

Define preconscious

A

thoughts that are stored temporarily in our unconscious mind but can be retreived

65
Q

Libido

A

Part of Fruedian Id, sexual energy or motivation

66
Q

Anal stage fixation

A

Anal retentive personality: excessively neat and orderly, stubborn
Anal expulsive personality: very messy and disorganized, emotional, rebellious

67
Q

What are epigenetic marks

A

Tell your genes to switch on our off. Through epigenetic marks environmental factors make an imprint on genes passing through generations

68
Q

What is the trait theory of personality

A

Temperament, genes, and characteristics are inherited and influence personality

69
Q

What is the five factor theory

A

Five components make up the personality and drive behaviors

70
Q

Five factor theory: CANOE

A

Consciousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (emotional instability)
Openness
Extraversion

71
Q

Personality inventory

A

Questionnaire which people respond to items to assess selected personality traits

72
Q

Empirically derived test

A

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

73
Q

Criticisms of trait theory

A

poor predictor of future behavior
does not adress development
no means of change

74
Q

Neurosis

A

Karen Horney
Driving need for something or someone

AP Psych (6 decks)

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