Test3 Flashcards
What are some functions of the blood?
Transporting gases, waste products, & nutrients, & helping remove toxins from the body
What gases does the blood transport?
Oxygen & Carbon dioxide
What waste products does the blood transport?
CO2
What nutrients does the blood transport?
Oxygen, glucose, & amino acids)
What toxins does the blood remove?
Pollutants & heavy metals
A circulating tissue consisting of three types of cells
Blood
What types of cells are red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What types of cells are white blood cells?
Leukocytes
What types of cells are platelets?
Thrombocytes
What liquid are red & white blood cells, & platelets suspended in?
Plasma
How much of our total body weight does blood make up?
Around 10%
What is the normal adult blood volume?
5L (1.2-1.5 gallons)
Cellular material in a fluid
Plasma
Made up of cellular material in a fluid called plasma
Blood
What is the order of the components in blood after centrifugation (top to bottom)?
Blood plasma, WBCs & platelets, RBCs
How much of the blood is Plasma?
55%
How much of the blood is WBCs & Platelets?
1%
How much of the blood is RBCs?
45%
What is included in Plasma?
Water, Ions, Proteins, Nutrients, Wastes, & Gases
The formation and development of blood cells
Hematopoiesis
In ____ the cellular elements are produced in the _____.
Adults; Bone marrow
Some ___ are produced in the _____.
WBCs; Lymphatic tissue and bone marrow
What do blood cells need to form properly?
Certain nutrients
What nutrients does blood need to form properly?
Iron, Folic acid, Vitamin B12
Where do formed blood cells come from?
Hematopoietic stem cell
Can become any blood cell
Hematopoietic stem cells
Squeeze through narrow capillaries in single file
Red blood cells
Inside red blood cells that pick up and carry the oxygen
Hemoglobin molecules
How do the RBCs travel?
In the blood vessels from the lungs to the left side of the heart
What happens to the blood once it reaches the heart?
It is pumped around the body
Produced in the bone marrow
RBCs, most WBCs, & platelets
A spongy substance found in the center of the bones
Bone marrow
Stops making healthy blood cells when it’s damaged
Bone marrow
Involves collecting stem cells with a needle placed into the soft center of the bone
Bone marrow harvesting
Center of the bone
Marrow
Where are most sites used for bone marrow harvesting located?
Hip bones and sternum
Which diseases benefit from bone marrow transplants?
Leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, immune deficiency disorders, & some solid tumor cancers
Made up of cells that are suspended plasma
Blood
How much of plasma is made up of water?
90%
How much of plasma is made up of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes, waste, salts, and ions?
10%
What percentage does RBCs make up of blood cells?
99%
Most abundant cell in the blood
RBCs
How many RBCs are there?
4 million - 6 million per microliter of blood
Where are RBCs formed?
In bone marrow
Mature forms do not have a nucleus
RBCs
What is the shape of RBCs?
Biconcave disks
What is the size of RBCs?
6-8 micrometers in diameter
What is the lifespan of RBCs?
120 days
Iron protein
Hemoglobin
Where is hemoglobin found?
In RBCs
Carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and carbon dioxide binds to the RBC and is taken to the lungs to be exhaled
Hemoglobin
Largest sized blood cells
WBCs
Lowest numbers in the blood
WBCs
How many WBCs are there?
4500 - 11000 per microliter
Where are WBCs formed?
Bone marrow and lymph glands
WBCs are the primary cells for which system?
Immune system
What is the function of WBCs?
Fights disease and foreign invaders
Contain nuclei with DNA, shape depends on type of cell
WBCs
Certain WBCs produce
antibodies
What is the lifespan of WBCs?
13 to 20 days
What is the size of WBCs?
8-20 micrometers in diameter
What are the 5 different types of WBCs?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Produces a large amount of lymph
Liver
How much lymph does the liver produce that flows through the thoracic duct?
25% to 50%
What does the spleen do?
Make lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells
Located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach
Spleen
Where are platelets formed?
Bone marrow
Smallest of blood cells
Platelets
What is the size of platelets?
1-4 micrometers in diameter
What is the shape of platelets?
Round, oval, or appear spiky
What is the life span of platelets?
8-12 days
Involved in the clotting process
Platelets
What is the function of platelets?
Seal wounds, prevent blood loss, and repairs damaged vessels
How many platelets are there?
150,000 - 400,000 per microliter of blood
What is the stain of platelets?
Bluish with reddish or purple granules
What are the functions of WBCs?
Recognizing intruders, killing harmful bacteria, making antibodies to protect your body against exposure to bacteria & viruses
The predominant type of leukocytes in blood, constituting 40-75% of circulating leukocytes
Neutrophils
Exhibits a segmented nucleus with three to five distinct lobes which are connected by thin filaments
A mature neutrophil
An immature form of neutrophils
Band cells
An inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
Rhesus (Rh) factor
Blood has protein
Rh positive
Blood lacks protein
Rh negative
Most common blood type
Rh positive
Can receive positive and negative blood
Rh positive
Can receive only negative blood
Rh negative
What is the antibody of blood type A?
Antibody B
What is the antibody of blood type B?
Antibody A
What is the antibody of blood type AB?
No antibody
What is the antibody of blood type O?
Antibody A & B
What is the antigen of blood type A?
Antigen A
What is the antigen of blood type B?
Antigen B
What is the antigen of blood type AB?
Antigen A & B
What is the antigen of blood type O?
No antigen
Coagulation
Blood clotting
What is the universal recipient?
AB
What is the universal donor?
O
Where is the Rh factor located?
The surface of RBCs
Determines blood type and compatibility
Blood Type Test
How do we identify the Rh factor?
Through an Rh typing test
What is the composition of blood?
RBCs, WBCs, & Platelets
How is the cardiovascular system composed?
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
Often referred to as circulatory system due to common features shared by both systems
Cardiovascular system
What is included in the cardiovascular system and circulatory system?
Heart and blood
What is the main role of the cardiovascular system and circulatory system?
Transport substances throughout the body via the bloodstream
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes
Circulatory system
Pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood on different sides
Heart
What are the types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capillaries, & veins
Carries high pressure blood away from the heart
Arteries
Returns low pressure blood back towards the heart
Veins
Tend to be round in cross-section with a relatively thick wall
Arteries
Usually looks like a partially collapsed oval in cross-section with a relatively thin wall
Veins
Th walls of a ___ are thinner than an ___ artery.
vein; artery
Carries blood from your organs and towards your heart
Veins
Carries blood away from your heart
Arteries
What color are the veins?
Blue
What color are the arteries?
Red
Directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen
Smooth muscle cell
Closed system of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
What type of system is the cardiovascular system?
Closed system
Pumps blood into blood vessels
Heart
Circulate the blood to all part of the body to all cells
Blood vessels
Always enclosed in vessels and the heart while circulating throughout the body
Blood
In most invertebrates
Open circulatory system
What does the heart pump into the vessels?
Hemolymph
Heart pumps hemolymph into vessels that empty into body spaces (sinuses) before returning to the heart
Open circulatory system
In some invertebrates and all vertebrates
Closed circulatory system
Blood is confined in blood vessels through the body; does not mix with interstitial fluid
Closed circulatory system
Insects, spider, or crustaceans
Arthropods
Arthropods have ____ on their back
Tubular heart
Does arthropods blood always move through their vessels?
No
Opens into the body cavity
Vessels
Interacts directly with organs and tissues
Blood
Collected into vessels again
Blood
Carries blood at high pressure and delivers blood quickly
Closed circulatory system
Is an open or closed circulatory system more efficient?
Closed circulatory system
A closed circulatory system is better for which type of animal?
Animals with high metabolism and that need more oxygen reaching the tissues
Why is a closed circulatory system better?
Blood circulates only inside blood vessels so it can do it with more pressure reaching farther distances between the organs
What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transport nutrients, gases, ad waste products around the body, transport oxygen, protect the body from infection and blood loss, helps the body maintain a constant body temperature, helps maintain fluid balance within the body
What are the most common waste products?
Creatinine & Urea
Waste product formed as a result of normal muscle activity
Creatinine
By-product of protein and amino acid breakdown
Urea
Transported to the lungs or urinary system to be expelled from the body
Waste products
Delivered from the digestive tract to the muscles and organs that require them for energy
Nutrients
Travels in the blood to the kidneys where it leaves the body in urine
Creatinine
What does high levels of creatinine suggest?
The kidneys are not working correctly
What does the creatinine blood test do?
Helps doctors to diagnose kidney disease
Responsible for transporting oxygen around the body to the tissues and organs that need it
RBCs
How does oxygen enter the blood?
Through the alveoli of the lungs
What does oxygen in the blood stream bind to?
Hemoglobin
A special protein in the RBCs
Hemoglobin
Detects foreign bodies or infections and envelop and kill them
WBCs
Creates antibodies for that particular infection which enables the immune system to act more quickly against foreign bodies or infections it has come into contact with previously
WBCs
Small colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
Platelets
A tough protein substance that is arranged in long fibrous chains
Fibrin
What is fibrin formed from?
Fibrinogen
A soluble protein
Fibrinogen
The body’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature
Thermoregulation
Absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body
Blood
Maintains homeostatis through the release or conservation of warmth
Blood
Blood vessel dilates
Vasodilation
Blood vessel contricts
Vasoconstriction
When the heart pumps blood through the arteries, the blood puts pressure on the artery walls
Blood pressure
A person with high blood pressure would have an improvement on blood flow in which case? Why?
Vasodilation due to less resistance
Narrow blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
Wider blood vessels
Vasodilation
Increases resistance and blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
Decreases resistance and blood pressure
Vasodilation
A person with high blood pressure would have an worsened hypertension state in which case? Why?
Vasoconstriction due to increased resistance
A mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients
Vasodilation
Causes a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and an increase in blood flow resulting in reduction of blood pressure
Vasodilation
How does vasoconstriction increase blood pressure?
When blood vessels become narrow it takes more pressure for the blood to travel through the blood vessels
Reduces the volume or space inside affected blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
When blood ___ ___ is lowered, blood ___ is reduced
Vessel volume; flow
Resistance or force of blood flow is raised
Vasoconstriction
Causes higher blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
A type of vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart become damaged from factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and certain genetic influences
Arteriosclerosis
Which factors causes damage to the blood vessels in arteriosclerosis?
High cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and certain genetic influences
The continuous and controlled movement of blood through the thousands of miles of capillaries that permeate every tissue and reach every cell in the body
Maintaining homeostasis
What two circuits is the cardiovascular system divided into?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
Moves blood between the heart and lungs
Pulmonary circulation
Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide; the oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body
Systemic circulation
Where is the heart located?
In the thoracic cavity, in the space between both lungs inside the chest cavity
The heart is ___ to the lungs
Medial
The heart is ____ to the sternum
Posterior
The heart is ___ to the vertebral column
Anterior
The heart is ___ to the diaphragm
Superior
What is the size of the heart?
14 cm long; 9 cm wide
What is the approximate size of the heart?
The size of a person’s fist & less than 1 pound
Covers the heart
Pericardium
Innermost layer
Visceral
Outermost layer
Parietal
Serous fluid found between visceral & parietal layers reduces friction
Pericardial fluid
Acts as mechanical protection for the heart and big vessels and a lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures
Pericardium
Also known as visceral pericardium
Epicardium
Outside layer of connective tissue on surface of the heart
Epicardium
Thick wall of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Inner epithelial & connective tissue lining of heart and valves
Endocardium
Outer wall joined with pericardium
Epicardium
The actual cardiac muscle that contracts
Myocardium
