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A&P-L > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following ions cross cell membranes most readily?

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Carbonate
Magnesium

A

Potassium

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2
Q

In convergence, two or more incoming fibers contact a single neuron, whereas in divergence, impulses leaving a neuron pass into several output fibers.

True
False

A

True

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3
Q

In order for a severed peripheral nerve to regenerate and recover its original function, nerve fibers must sprout and enter tubes formed by

basement membranes and connective tissues.
former axons.
myelin.
nodes of Ranvier.
microtubules.

A

Basement membranes and connective tissues

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4
Q

The nervous system

detects changes in the internal or external environment.
controls the movement of muscles.
regulates secretion.
integrates information from several sources and uses it to respond appropriately.
all of the above

A

All of the above

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5
Q

Which of the following is(are) a type of neuroglia?

Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Ependymal cell
Schwann cell
all of the above

A

All of the above

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6
Q

Synaptic knobs are at the ends of

axons.
dendrites.
cell bodies.
neuroglia.
mitochondria.

A

Axons

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7
Q

Viagra is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction by dilating arteries in the penis. The neurotransmitter that Viagra affects is

acetylcholine.
nitric oxide.
serotonin.
histamine.
rigidoxine.

A

Nitric oxide

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8
Q

Every neuron has

many axons.
a cell body.
myelin.
a neurilemma.
a cell wall.

A

A cell body

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9
Q

A nerve impulse consists of a wave of ______ ______ moving away from a point of stimulation.

A

Action potentials

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10
Q

The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.

True
False

A

True

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11
Q

A reason that the CNS and PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury is that

axons of the CNS lack myelin.
axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae.
peripheral nerves lack Schwann cells.
peripheral nerves lack endoneurium.
CNS axons have direct access to the brain.

A

Axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae

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12
Q

Sheaths of ______ cells often enclose the larger axons outside of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Schwann

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13
Q

Because the response of a nerve fiber is all-or-none, a greater intensity of stimulus does not produce a stronger impulse.

True
False

A

True

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14
Q

Neuroglia are specialized to react to environmental change, and neurons support neuroglia.

True
False

A

False

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15
Q

Diverging axons amplify an impulse by

contacting many neurons.
returning the impulse to the neuron of origin.
splitting into multiple axons.
stimulating themselves.
none of the above.

A

Contacting many neurons

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16
Q

A mixed nerve includes different neuroglial cells.

True
False

A

False

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17
Q

A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of

unequal distribution of ions on each side of the membrane.
some ion channels being opened while others are closed.
the relative ease with which K+ diffuses through membranes.
totally preventing Na+ from passing through the membrane.
none of the above.

A

Some ion channels being opened while others are closed

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18
Q

An action potential is triggered if

EPSPs overpower IPSPs.
IPSPs overpower EPSPs.
chloride channels open.
the membrane hyperpolarizes.
all of the above.

A

EPSPs overpower IPSPs

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19
Q

An excitatory postsynaptic potential lasts for about

15 minutes.
15 seconds.
15 milliseconds.
15 microseconds.
15 nanoseconds.

A

15 milliseconds

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20
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is

beta endorphin.
nitric oxide.
acetylcholine.
GABA
nitrous oxide.

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

A series of similar stimuli that increases change in local membrane potential is called _______.

A

Summation

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22
Q

During an action potential, calcium ions cause

potassium channels to open.
potassium channels to close.
sodium channels to open.
potassium and sodium channels to
relocate in the membrane.
sodium channels to close.

A

Sodium channels to close

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23
Q

Drugs that increase the actions of norepinephrine and/or serotonin by keeping them in synapses longer are most likely used to treat

multiple sclerosis.
Tay-Sachs disease.
clinical depression.
schizophrenia.
erectile dysfunction.

A

Clinical depression

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24
Q

During the absolute refractory period, a stimulus of high intensity may trigger a nerve impulse.

True
False

A

False

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25
Q

When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of

Na+ and K+ is higher on the inside of the membrane.
Na+ and K+ is higher on the outside of the membrane.
Na+ is higher on the inside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the outside.
Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside.
Ca2+ is equal on both sides of the membrane.

A

Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside

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26
Q

The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are

neurofibrils.
chromatophilic substance (Nissl
bodies).
axons.
dendrites.
synapses.

A

Dendrites

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27
Q

Myelin

is released from a neuron and travels to another neuron.
comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells.
is a type of neuron.
is a form of chromatophilic substance that fills Schwann cells.
is produced in response to bacterial infection.

A

Comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells

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28
Q

Dendrites on unipolar neurons are part of

sensory neurons.
motor neurons.
interneurons.
efferent neurons.
affective neurons.

A

Sensory neurons

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29
Q

Which of the following cells is only found in the PNS?

Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglial cell
Schwann cell
Neuron

A

Schwann cell

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30
Q

Which of the following molecules is responsible for “runner’s high,” a good feeling that accompanies long-distance running?

Beta endorphin
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Alcohol

A

Beta endorphin

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31
Q

Muscles and glands that respond to nerve impulses are called _______.

A

Effectors

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32
Q

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions and the autonomic nervous system oversees involuntary actions.

True
False

A

True

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33
Q

The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons both physically and nutritionally are called ______.

A

Neuroglia

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34
Q

Several nerve fibers converging onto one nerve fiber amplifies nerve impulses.

True
False

A

False

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35
Q

Drugs that decrease membrane permeability to sodium

are used as local anesthetics.
prevent nerve impulses from passing
through the affected body part.
lessen pain.
are short-acting.
all of the above.

A

All of the above

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36
Q

A myelinated nerve fiber is ______, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is ______.

gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; white, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
white, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
Correct Answer
white, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
white, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; red, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
none of the above

A

White, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

Marjorie takes an anti-anxiety drug so that she can sleep better and remain calm enough to study effectively. She begins by taking 25 milligrams every evening, but within a month, this dose is no longer helping, so she takes two pills. After another month, this dosage is no longer effective. This is happening because

her immune system is rejecting the drug.
she has developed tolerance, which means that her liver can no longer metabolize the drug, so it remains active for too long.
the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined.
the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has increased.
her roommate substituted Tylenol pills.

A

The number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined

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38
Q

A neuron may have

one axon and many dendrites.
one dendrite and many axons.
no dendrites.
no axons.
more than one cell body.

A

One axon and many dendrites

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39
Q

Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot, because

the people will them to science.
neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons.
neural stem cells have higher oxygen and energy requirements than neurons.
neural stem cells have more globular shapes than neurons.
none of the above.

A

Neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons

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40
Q

Convergence refers to

dendrites from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.
axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.
dendrites from the same neuron touching each other.
a neuroglial cell that contacts many neurons.
dendrites contacting the axon of their own cell.

A

Axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron

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41
Q

In reuptake

an action potential reverses direction.
a neuropeptide breaks down into amino acids, which act as neurotransmitters.
a neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons.
an enzyme breaks down a neurotransmitter and then another enzyme builds it back up.
parts of neurotransmitters floating in the synapse come together to restore levels.

A

A neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons

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42
Q

Astrocytes structurally support neurons and also provide important signals and nutrients to neurons.

True
False

A

True

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43
Q

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized neuron cell membrane is called the ______ ______.

A

Resting potential

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44
Q

Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from receptor cells into the brain or spinal cord.

True
False

A

False

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45
Q

The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is

glutamic acid.
dopamine.
enkephalin.
substance Q.
acetylcholine.

A

Dopamine

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46
Q

Sensory receptors are part of the CNS.

True
False

A

False

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47
Q

The space between neurons is called the neuronal space.

True
False

A

False

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48
Q

The two types of cells of the nervous system are

axons and dendrites.
neurons and neuroglia.
motor neurons and sensory neurons.
Schwann cells and microglia.
neurons and muscle cells.

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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49
Q

Enkephalins are neuropeptides.

True
False

A

True

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50
Q

Sensory receptors

monitor light
monitor sound.
are part of the PNS.
detect changes in and outside the body.
all of the above.

A

All of the above

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51
Q

A stimulus great enough to change the membrane potential and propagate an action potential is said to have reached _________.

recruitment
nirvana
summation
tetanus
threshold

A

Threshold

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52
Q

When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of

calcium ions.
sodium ions.
neurotransmitters.
neuropeptides.
morphine.

A

Calcium ions

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53
Q

If a neuron receives a series of stimuli whose effect is excitatory but subthreshold, the neuron is more excitable to incoming stimulation than before and is said to be

graded.
amplified.
facilitated.
converged.
highlighted.

A

Facilitated

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54
Q

Nodes of Ranvier lie between neurons.

True
False

A

False

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55
Q

A nerve is a single neuron that transmits nerve impulses.

True
False

A

False

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56
Q

Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are

dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
enkephalins, endorphins, and substance P.
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and GABA.
potassium, sodium, and calcium ions
methyl, ethyl, and ketone bodies

A

Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and GABA

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57
Q

Action potentials are related to nerve impulses in that

many nerve impulses are required to cause one action potential.
active transport of Na+ and K+ are required for a nerve impulse but not for an action potential.
nerve impulses are stronger responses than are action potentials.
propagation of action potentials along a fiber constitutes a nerve impulse.
an action potential consists of several nerve impulses.

A

Propagation of action potentials along a fiber constitutes a nerve impulse

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58
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies are called _____.

soma
axons
ganglia
nuclei
neuromas

A

Ganglia

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59
Q

Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord?

Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Motor neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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60
Q

Multiple sclerosis is caused by an abnormal response of the

circulatory system.
muscular system.
immune system.
neurotransmitter system.
excretory system.

A

Immune system

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61
Q

Neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands are

effectors.
receptors.
oligodendrocytes.
neurotransmitters.
none of the above.

A

None of the above

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62
Q

Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has

neurotransmitters.
receptors for endogenous opiates.
myelin.
endogenous opiates.
chlorophyll.

A

Receptors for endogenous opiates

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63
Q

Which of the following neuroglia is not part of the CNS?

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Interneurons
Microglia
Satellite cells

A

Satellite cells

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64
Q

The types of neurons that are organized into neuronal pools are

interneurons.
intraneurons.
mixed neurons.
astrocytes.
Schwann cells.

A

Interneurons

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65
Q

Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are

bipolar.
unipolar
multipolar.
nonpolar.
isopolar.

A

Multipolar

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66
Q

The space between neurons is a

dendrite.
gap junction.
bleb.
neurotransmitter.
synapse.

A

Synapse

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67
Q

Saltatory conduction
occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous.
occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking.
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber.
is slower than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber.
occurs only if a person is near an ocean.

A

Is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

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68
Q

Axon branches are called collaterals.

True
False

A

True

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69
Q

If a neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes a cell membrane and an action potential is less likely, the change is called ______ ______ ______.

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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70
Q

_________ support the axon from within.

Dendrites.
Nodes of Ranvier.
Neurofibrils.
Collaterals.
Myofilamen

A

Neurofibrils

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71
Q

Each neuron in the CNS receives input from

only one synaptic knob.
one synaptic knob at each end.
synaptic knobs only when a person is awake.
about 10 dendrites.
thousands of axons.

A

Thousands of axons

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72
Q

Three general functions of the nervous system are

sensory, motor, and predictive.
integrative, motor, and sensory.
predictive, manipulative, and integrative.
reflexive, sensory, and predictive.
seeing, feeling, and touching.

A

Integrative, motor, and sensory

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73
Q

If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is

depolarizing.
hyperpolarizing.
repolarizing.
summating.
hyperexcitable.

A

Hyperpolarizing

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74
Q

Migraine results from

release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to a spreading wave of excitation followed by lack of response from the cortex.
not eating enough chocolate, which causes a spreading effect in the cortex.
a neurotransmitter deficiency.
release of an abnormal form of beta endorphin from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to cortical stimulation.
inappropriate release of endorphins.

A

Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to a spreading wave of excitation followed by lack of response from the cortex

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75
Q

What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential?
1. The membrane depolarizes.
2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.
3. The membrane repolarizes.
4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.

3, 2, 4, 1
2, 1, 4, 3
1, 2, 4, 3
4, 1, 3, 2
1, 2, 3, 4

A

2, 1, 4, 3

76
Q

A drug that functions as an agonist

activates a receptor, helping a neurotransmitter bind or triggering an action potential in some other way.
causes great pain if taken in too high a dose.
blocks a receptor so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind.
relieves pain.
adds receptors to cells.

A

Activates a receptor, helping a neurotransmitter bind or triggering an action potential in some other way

77
Q

A(n) ______ is the junction between neurons.

A

Synapse

78
Q

Myelin is composed largely of carbohydrates.

True
False

A

False

79
Q

An immune response that triggers inflammation of the spinal cord and brain, leaving scars is

muscular dystrophy.
multiple sclerosis.
Alzheimer disease.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
chronic fatigue syndrome.

A

Multiple sclerosis

80
Q

Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by ______________.

endocytosis.
exocytosis.
transcytosis.
active transport.
diffusion.

A

Exocytosis

81
Q

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

white.
gray.
brown.
transparent.
wet.

A

White

82
Q

Transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves a

nerve impulse stimulating presynaptic dendrites to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.
nerve impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.
neurotransmitter traveling from presynaptic dendrites across a synapse to postsynaptic axons or a cell body.
neurotransmitter traveling from postsynaptic axons across a synapse to presynaptic dendrites or a cell body.
none of the above.

A

Nerve impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft

83
Q

Drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase

allow increased activity of norepinephrine.
decompose norepinephrine.
decrease the activity of serotonin.
decompose serotonin.
are associated with heart disease.

A

Allow increased activity of norepinephrine

84
Q

Myelin is rich in ___________.

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
salts
bacteria

A

Lipids

85
Q

The most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are

thick and myelinated.
thick and unmyelinated.
thin and myelinated.
thin and unmyelinated.
of medium thickness with spots of myelin.

A

Thick and myelinated

86
Q

Converging nerve fibers amplify nerve impulses.

True
False

A

False

87
Q

Which of the following is unique to neurons?

Golgi apparatus
Chromatophilic substance
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Ribosomes

A

Chromatophilic substance

88
Q

Neurotransmitters that affect a neuron’s response to other neurotransmitters are called _______.

A

Neuromodulators

89
Q

Basal ganglia are located in the ______ and ______.

brainstem; relay motor impulses from the cerebral cortex
frontal lobe; aid in control of motor activities
deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities
cerebral hemispheres; aid in coordination of equilibrium motor activities
superficial layers of the cerebrum; control the senses

A

Deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities

90
Q

The basal nuclei include the

putamen.
pons.
midbrain.
corpus callosum.
all of the above.

A

Putamen

91
Q

Dopamine is secreted by the ___________ and is deficient in ______ disease.

cerebral cortex; Alzheimer
amygdala; Lou Gehrig’s
medulla; Huntington
substantia nigra; Parkinson
brainstem; heart

A

Substantia nigra; Parkinson

92
Q

If fibers in the ascending tract of the cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury.

True
False

A

False

92
Q

Which of the following terms and definitions is correct?

cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum
hemisphere dominance-the largest cerebral hemisphere with the thickest cerebral cortex
limbic system-interconnected brain structures that activate skeletal muscle
cauda equina-a network of anterior branches of spinal nerves
cerebral cortex-a thick layer of white matter forming the outer layer of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum

93
Q

The consequence of sensory nerve fibers crossing over is that the

brain cannot tell from which side of the body a sensory impulse originated.
right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa.
left hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa.
impulses never reach the appropriate lobe of the brain to be interpreted.
none of the above.

A

Right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa

94
Q

The primary motor areas of the brain are in the
postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
posterior sulcus of the temporal lobe.
lateral part of the occipital lobe.
superior part of the parietal lobe.

A

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

95
Q

The part of the brain that degenerates in Parkinson disease is

the meninges.
the neurons that reach from the striatum to the basal ganglia.
the substantia nigra in the brainstem.
the corpus callosum.
the cerebrum.

A

The neurons that reach from the striatum to the basal ganglia

96
Q

Sympathetic tone is continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which results in partial constriction.

True
False

A

True

97
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ combines mainly with alpha receptors.

A

Norepinephrine

98
Q

The Babinski reflex is

dorsiflexion of the foot when the knee is tapped, indicating damage to a reflex arc.
an abnormal dorsiflexion of the great toe up, with fanning of the smaller toes, that indicates damage to a reflex arc.
the speed with which a deer turns and runs at the sight of a hunter.
a normal response to stroking the sole of the foot.
plantar flextion of the foot.

A

An abnormal dorsiflexion of the great toe up, with fanning of the smaller toes, that indicates damage to a reflex arc

99
Q

The neurotransmitter that is depleted in Parkinson disease is _______.

A

Dopamine

100
Q

A traumatic brain injury results from

an open head wound.
mental retardation.
an infection.
poisoning.
mechanical force.

A

Mechanical force

101
Q

The ______ plexuses of the spinal nerves are between the neck and the axillae.

A

Brachial

102
Q

The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses

from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
up the spinal cord to the thalamus.
down the spinal cord from the thalamus.
that stimulate skeletal muscles.
up the spinal cord to the hippocampus.

A

Up the spinal cord to the thalamus

103
Q

When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called

flexor extensor reflex.
ipsilateral reflex.
crossed extensor reflex.
crossed flexor reflex.
mixed extensor reflex.

A

Crossed extensor reflex

104
Q

Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause

partial blindness in the right eye only.
total blindness in the left eye only.
partial blindness in both eyes.
total blindness in both eyes.
improved visual acuity in one or both eyes.

A

Partial blindness in both eyes

105
Q

If the reticular formation is injured, the person might exhibit signs of

hyperactivity.
increased metabolism.
increased sympathetic system responses.
unconsciousness, or coma.
changed sexual orientation.

A

Unconsciousness, or coma

106
Q

If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca’s area is damaged,

memory is lost.
motor control to the right leg is impaired.
eyesight is lost.
motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost.
the abilities to taste and smell are diminished.

A

Motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost

107
Q

The ______ root of a spinal nerve consists entirely of motor neuron axons.

A

Ventral (anterior)

108
Q

Most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the

cardiac ventricles.
third ventricle.
fourth ventricle.
cerebral aqueduct.
lateral ventricles.

A

Lateral ventricles

109
Q

Melinda has Parkinson disease. Her movements are slowing and she has difficulty initiating voluntary muscular actions. The region that is affected in her brain is the

frontal lobe.
parietal lobe.
basal ganglia.
ventricles.
amygdala.

A

Basal ganglia

110
Q

Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon?

Thalamus
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral peduncles
Red nucleus
Pia mater

A

Thalamus

111
Q

Interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage the cerebrum is called a

concussion.
contusion.
cerebrovascular accident.
transient ischemic attack.
myocardial infarction.

A

Cerebrovascular accident

112
Q

The function of the cerebral association areas is
to analyze sensory experiences.

memory.
to interpret sensations.
reasoning and judgment.
all of the above.

A

All of the above

113
Q

The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.

A

Sympathetic

114
Q

Spinal shock is a permanent loss of some of the cord’s functions.

True
False

A

False

115
Q

Nerve tracts other than the corticospinal tracts that transmit impulses into the spinal cord are called extrapyramidal tracts.

True
False

A

True

116
Q

The brain waves most closely associated with mental activity are

alpha waves.
beta waves.
theta waves.
delta waves.
gamma waves.

A

Beta waves

117
Q

The epidural space contains

loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue.
dense connective tissue and cartilage.
no tissue, that is why it is a space.
collagen, elastin, and keratin.
nervous tissue.

A

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

118
Q

The simplest level of CNS function is the

crossed-extensor reflex.
patellar reflex.
spinal reflex.
polysynaptic reflexes.
cerebral reflex.

A

Spinal reflex

119
Q

Aphasia is loss of the ability to

speak.
move the hands.
walk.
think.
cook.

A

Speak

120
Q

Aging of the brain begins

before birth.
at birth.
at puberty.
at age 30.
after age 50.

A

Before birth

120
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ______ and it __________.

dura mater; maintains a stable ionic concentration in the CNS
choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protects the brain from blows to the skull
arachnoid villi in the dura sinus; provides a pathway to the blood for waste
capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles; moistens the surface of the brain
the spinal cord; protects the CNS.

A

Choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protects the brain from blows to the skull

121
Q

An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the

dura mater only.
dura mater and arachnoid mater.
arachnoid mater and pia mater.
pia mater only.
arachnoid mater only.

A

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

122
Q

The corticospinal tracts control

sweat glands.
posture.
voluntary muscle movements.
spinal reflexes.
the urge to urinate.

A

Voluntary muscle movements

123
Q

The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a

dermatome.
microtome.
sensory body.
nerve body.
sensitized area.

A

Dermatome

124
Q

The drug atropine influences the autonomic nervous system by

stimulating the release of norepinephrine.
blocking the action of norepinephrine.
stimulating the release of acetylcholine.
blocking the action of acetylcholine.
depleting the brain of dopamine.

A

Blocking the action of acetylcholine

125
Q

Spinal nerve injury may result from

fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries.
too little dopamine in the basal ganglia.
excess acetylcholine in synapses.
a drug overdose.
none of the above.

A

Fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries

126
Q

In a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the

dura mater and skull.
dura mater and arachnoid mater.
pia mater and brain.
arachnoid mater and brain.
brain and spinal cord.

A

Dura mater and arachnoid mater

127
Q

By age ___, the frontal cortex has lost half its neurons.

A

90

128
Q

A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is

associated with the vertebra above.
composed of afferent fibers only.
composed of efferent fibers only.
associated with cranial nerve C1.
none of the above.

A

Associated with the vertebra above

129
Q

If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed,

muscles on the left side are paralyzed.
muscles on the right side are paralyzed.
pain impulses from the left side are blocked.
pain impulses from the right side are blocked.
a burning sensation comes from the left side.

A

Pain impulses from the left side are blocked

130
Q

A newborn has a CT scan of the brain to identify a cause of seizures. The scan showed no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex. She has

lissencephaly.
anencephaly.
spina bifida.
leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.
an eating disorder.

A

Lissencephaly

131
Q

The choroid plexuses project into the ventricles.

True
False

A

True

132
Q

Over the course of several months, Morris has experienced difficulty speaking coherently, clumsiness, muscle fasciculations, and increasing weakness in his limbs. These symptoms are most consistent with those of

Parkinson disease.
Hodgkin’s disease.
muscular dystrophy.
cancer.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

133
Q

Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ___ percent.

1
5
10
20
40

A

10

134
Q

The phrenic nerves arise from the

solar plexuses.
brachial plexuses.
lumbar plexuses.
sacral plexuses.
cervical plexuses.

A

Cervical plexuses

135
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the diencephalon?

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Pineal gland.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

136
Q

The part of the brainstem that includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers is the ______ ______.

A

Medulla oblongata

137
Q

A soldier suffers a brain injury, and becomes unable to speak. The damage is likely in

the nucleus accumbens.
the hippocampus.
the brainstem.
the basal nuclei
Broca’s area.

A

Broca’s area

138
Q

The meninges consist of

the brain and spinal cord.
the membranes that delineate all of the major brain parts.
the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.
nerve tracts that run up and down the spinal cord.
none of the above.

A

The pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater

139
Q

Nerve fibers of the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord.

A

Parasympathetic

140
Q

The spinal cord has

31 segments.
a cervical and lumbar enlargement.
a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter.
two deep longitudinal grooves.
all of the above

A

All of the above

141
Q

The interconnected, fluid-filled cavities in the brain are called ______.

A

Ventricles

142
Q

Reflexes help to control

heart rate.
blood pressure.
digestive activities.
respiratory rate.
all of the above

A

All of the above

143
Q

If the left corticospinal tract is severed in the neck near the first cervical vertebra,

muscles in the right arm and leg are paralyzed.
muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed.
pain impulses from the right side are blocked.
pain impulses from the left side are blocked.
none of the above.

A

Muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed

144
Q

Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord?

Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Rubrospinal

A

Rubrospinal

145
Q

The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.

True
False

A

True

146
Q

Which of the following parts of the mature brain develops from the forebrain?

Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Brainstem

A

Thalamus

147
Q

The human body secretes about __________ milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid daily.

10
60
300
500
1,000

A

500

148
Q

The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ______.

skin and skeletal muscles; brain to the spinal cord
visceral organs; CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles
heart and intestines; CNS to the cardiac and smooth muscles
skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs
brain and spinal cord; PNS to the CNS

A

Skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs

149
Q

Spina bifida is a(n)

abnormality in neural tube development.
open vertebral column.
exposed spinal cord.
birth defect.
all of the above

A

All of the above

150
Q

The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the

cerebrum.
brainstem.
cerebellum.
corpus callosum.
hippocampus

A

Cerebellum

151
Q

The ___________ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

lateral sulcus
central sulcus
longitudinal fissure
transverse fissure
vertical fissure

A

Transverse fissure

152
Q

If the general interpretative area of the dominant hemisphere is damaged in a child, the

corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions.
child will fail to learn language.
child will do very poorly in math.
child will have difficulty concentrating.
none of the above.

A

Corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions

153
Q

The ______ system of the brain causes feelings about experiences.

A

Limbic

154
Q

The part of the brain that is overactive in post traumatic stress disorder is the

amygdala.
brainstem.
infundibulum.
thalamus.
hippocampus.

A

Amygdala

155
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of

spinal and cranial nerves.
the brain and spinal cord.
the cerebrum and cerebellum.
nerves in the upper and lower limbs.
none of the above.

A

The brain and spinal cord

156
Q

The gray commisure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal.

True
False

A

True

157
Q

Autonomic ganglia provide a degree of independence from the CNS by integrating motor impulses before they are relayed to visceral organs.

True
False

A

True

158
Q

A lumbar puncture is

an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid.
a blockage in peripheral nerve transmission.
a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under.
a procedure to correct a spinal cord injury.
none of the above.

A

A test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under

159
Q

In spastic paralysis

muscle tone increases and the muscles atrophy.
muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy.
muscle tone decreases and the muscles atrophy.
muscle tone decreases and the muscles do not atrophy.
muscle tone increases and the muscle hypertrophy.

A

Muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy

160
Q

Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question?

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula

A

Frontal

161
Q

The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain that filters incoming sensory impulses is the

dentate nucleus.
reticular formation.
limbic system.
corpora quadrigemina.
brainstem.

A

Reticular formation

162
Q

Which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers?

parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
sympathetic preganglionic fibers
none of the above.

A

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers

163
Q

The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the

cerebral cortex
amygdala
medulla
substantia nigra
pons

A

Amygdala

164
Q

Spinal nerves are grouped and named according to function.

True
False

A

False

165
Q

Brain damage to the temporal lobe, where recent memory is processed, can impair long-term memory.

True
False

A

True

166
Q

Stephanie is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checks her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and the smaller toes fan apart. This reflex

may indicate aging of the corticospinal tract.
may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract.
is normal in adults.
is meaningless in assessing an emergency situation.
all of the above.

A

May indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract

167
Q

The subarachnoid space within the meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid.

True
False

A

True

168
Q

Brain waves during sleep are ____ waves.

alpha
beta
theta
delta
gamma

A

Delta

169
Q

A person in a persistent vegetative state

craves vegetables.
cannot move, but is aware of self.
can move, but seems unaware of self.
repeats the same phrases over and over.
is dead.

A

Can move, but seems unaware of self

170
Q

All reflexes have

association neurons.
a reflex arc.
interneurons.
multiple synapses.
a reflex cycle.

A

A reflex arc

171
Q

The ________ are membranes between the CNS and its bony coverings.

A

Meninges

172
Q

The brain has about one hundred million neurons.

True
False

A

False

173
Q

The epineurium is composed of nervous tissue.

True
False

A

False

174
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

Regulation of body temperature
Control of hunger
Production of hormones
Control of postural reflexes
Control of thirst

A

Control of postural reflexes

175
Q

The fourth ventricle is in the

heart.
brainstem.
midline of the brain, beneath the corpus callosum.
kidney.
subventricular zone.

A

Brainstem

176
Q

The outermost layer of the meninges is the ______ ______

A

Dura mater

177
Q

The arbor vitae is in the cerebrum.

True
False

A

False

178
Q

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector
Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
None of the above.

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

179
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the internal environment.
provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood.
protects the brain
protects the spinal cord.
all of the above.

A

All of the above

180
Q

Brain waves are recordings of activity in the

medulla.
cerebellum.
basal ganglia.
brainstem.
cerebral cortex.

A

Cerebral cortex

181
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is

clear and watery.
white and thick.
red.
yellow in the CNS and clear in the PNS.
clear in the CNS and yellow in the PNS.

A

Clear and watery

182
Q

The expected response to the triceps-jerk reflex is

flexion of the forearm.
extension of the forearm.
plantar flexion.
plantar extension.
none of the above.

A

Extension of the forearm

183
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly composed of

interneurons.
cerebrospinal fluid.
axons.
myelin.
dead cells.

A

Interneurons

A&P-L (2 decks)

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