Final Flashcards
Which of the following ions cross cell membranes most readily?
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Carbonate
Magnesium
Potassium
In convergence, two or more incoming fibers contact a single neuron, whereas in divergence, impulses leaving a neuron pass into several output fibers.
True
False
True
In order for a severed peripheral nerve to regenerate and recover its original function, nerve fibers must sprout and enter tubes formed by
basement membranes and connective tissues.
former axons.
myelin.
nodes of Ranvier.
microtubules.
Basement membranes and connective tissues
The nervous system
detects changes in the internal or external environment.
controls the movement of muscles.
regulates secretion.
integrates information from several sources and uses it to respond appropriately.
all of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is(are) a type of neuroglia?
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Ependymal cell
Schwann cell
all of the above
All of the above
Synaptic knobs are at the ends of
axons.
dendrites.
cell bodies.
neuroglia.
mitochondria.
Axons
Viagra is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction by dilating arteries in the penis. The neurotransmitter that Viagra affects is
acetylcholine.
nitric oxide.
serotonin.
histamine.
rigidoxine.
Nitric oxide
Every neuron has
many axons.
a cell body.
myelin.
a neurilemma.
a cell wall.
A cell body
A nerve impulse consists of a wave of ______ ______ moving away from a point of stimulation.
Action potentials
The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.
True
False
True
A reason that the CNS and PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury is that
axons of the CNS lack myelin.
axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae.
peripheral nerves lack Schwann cells.
peripheral nerves lack endoneurium.
CNS axons have direct access to the brain.
Axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae
Sheaths of ______ cells often enclose the larger axons outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Schwann
Because the response of a nerve fiber is all-or-none, a greater intensity of stimulus does not produce a stronger impulse.
True
False
True
Neuroglia are specialized to react to environmental change, and neurons support neuroglia.
True
False
False
Diverging axons amplify an impulse by
contacting many neurons.
returning the impulse to the neuron of origin.
splitting into multiple axons.
stimulating themselves.
none of the above.
Contacting many neurons
A mixed nerve includes different neuroglial cells.
True
False
False
A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of
unequal distribution of ions on each side of the membrane.
some ion channels being opened while others are closed.
the relative ease with which K+ diffuses through membranes.
totally preventing Na+ from passing through the membrane.
none of the above.
Some ion channels being opened while others are closed
An action potential is triggered if
EPSPs overpower IPSPs.
IPSPs overpower EPSPs.
chloride channels open.
the membrane hyperpolarizes.
all of the above.
EPSPs overpower IPSPs
An excitatory postsynaptic potential lasts for about
15 minutes.
15 seconds.
15 milliseconds.
15 microseconds.
15 nanoseconds.
15 milliseconds
The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is
beta endorphin.
nitric oxide.
acetylcholine.
GABA
nitrous oxide.
Acetylcholine
A series of similar stimuli that increases change in local membrane potential is called _______.
Summation
During an action potential, calcium ions cause
potassium channels to open.
potassium channels to close.
sodium channels to open.
potassium and sodium channels to
relocate in the membrane.
sodium channels to close.
Sodium channels to close
Drugs that increase the actions of norepinephrine and/or serotonin by keeping them in synapses longer are most likely used to treat
multiple sclerosis.
Tay-Sachs disease.
clinical depression.
schizophrenia.
erectile dysfunction.
Clinical depression
During the absolute refractory period, a stimulus of high intensity may trigger a nerve impulse.
True
False
False
When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of
Na+ and K+ is higher on the inside of the membrane.
Na+ and K+ is higher on the outside of the membrane.
Na+ is higher on the inside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the outside.
Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside.
Ca2+ is equal on both sides of the membrane.
Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside
The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are
neurofibrils.
chromatophilic substance (Nissl
bodies).
axons.
dendrites.
synapses.
Dendrites
Myelin
is released from a neuron and travels to another neuron.
comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells.
is a type of neuron.
is a form of chromatophilic substance that fills Schwann cells.
is produced in response to bacterial infection.
Comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells
Dendrites on unipolar neurons are part of
sensory neurons.
motor neurons.
interneurons.
efferent neurons.
affective neurons.
Sensory neurons
Which of the following cells is only found in the PNS?
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglial cell
Schwann cell
Neuron
Schwann cell
Which of the following molecules is responsible for “runner’s high,” a good feeling that accompanies long-distance running?
Beta endorphin
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Alcohol
Beta endorphin
Muscles and glands that respond to nerve impulses are called _______.
Effectors
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions and the autonomic nervous system oversees involuntary actions.
True
False
True
The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons both physically and nutritionally are called ______.
Neuroglia
Several nerve fibers converging onto one nerve fiber amplifies nerve impulses.
True
False
False
Drugs that decrease membrane permeability to sodium
are used as local anesthetics.
prevent nerve impulses from passing
through the affected body part.
lessen pain.
are short-acting.
all of the above.
All of the above
A myelinated nerve fiber is ______, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is ______.
gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; white, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
white, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
Correct Answer
white, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
white, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; red, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
none of the above
White, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
Marjorie takes an anti-anxiety drug so that she can sleep better and remain calm enough to study effectively. She begins by taking 25 milligrams every evening, but within a month, this dose is no longer helping, so she takes two pills. After another month, this dosage is no longer effective. This is happening because
her immune system is rejecting the drug.
she has developed tolerance, which means that her liver can no longer metabolize the drug, so it remains active for too long.
the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined.
the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has increased.
her roommate substituted Tylenol pills.
The number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined
A neuron may have
one axon and many dendrites.
one dendrite and many axons.
no dendrites.
no axons.
more than one cell body.
One axon and many dendrites
Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot, because
the people will them to science.
neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons.
neural stem cells have higher oxygen and energy requirements than neurons.
neural stem cells have more globular shapes than neurons.
none of the above.
Neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons
Convergence refers to
dendrites from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.
axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.
dendrites from the same neuron touching each other.
a neuroglial cell that contacts many neurons.
dendrites contacting the axon of their own cell.
Axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron
In reuptake
an action potential reverses direction.
a neuropeptide breaks down into amino acids, which act as neurotransmitters.
a neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons.
an enzyme breaks down a neurotransmitter and then another enzyme builds it back up.
parts of neurotransmitters floating in the synapse come together to restore levels.
A neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons
Astrocytes structurally support neurons and also provide important signals and nutrients to neurons.
True
False
True
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized neuron cell membrane is called the ______ ______.
Resting potential
Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from receptor cells into the brain or spinal cord.
True
False
False
The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is
glutamic acid.
dopamine.
enkephalin.
substance Q.
acetylcholine.
Dopamine
Sensory receptors are part of the CNS.
True
False
False
The space between neurons is called the neuronal space.
True
False
False
The two types of cells of the nervous system are
axons and dendrites.
neurons and neuroglia.
motor neurons and sensory neurons.
Schwann cells and microglia.
neurons and muscle cells.
Neurons and neuroglia
Enkephalins are neuropeptides.
True
False
True
Sensory receptors
monitor light
monitor sound.
are part of the PNS.
detect changes in and outside the body.
all of the above.
All of the above
A stimulus great enough to change the membrane potential and propagate an action potential is said to have reached _________.
recruitment
nirvana
summation
tetanus
threshold
Threshold
When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of
calcium ions.
sodium ions.
neurotransmitters.
neuropeptides.
morphine.
Calcium ions
If a neuron receives a series of stimuli whose effect is excitatory but subthreshold, the neuron is more excitable to incoming stimulation than before and is said to be
graded.
amplified.
facilitated.
converged.
highlighted.
Facilitated
Nodes of Ranvier lie between neurons.
True
False
False
A nerve is a single neuron that transmits nerve impulses.
True
False
False
Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are
dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
enkephalins, endorphins, and substance P.
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and GABA.
potassium, sodium, and calcium ions
methyl, ethyl, and ketone bodies
Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and GABA
Action potentials are related to nerve impulses in that
many nerve impulses are required to cause one action potential.
active transport of Na+ and K+ are required for a nerve impulse but not for an action potential.
nerve impulses are stronger responses than are action potentials.
propagation of action potentials along a fiber constitutes a nerve impulse.
an action potential consists of several nerve impulses.
Propagation of action potentials along a fiber constitutes a nerve impulse
Clusters of neuron cell bodies are called _____.
soma
axons
ganglia
nuclei
neuromas
Ganglia
Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord?
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Motor neurons
Oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis is caused by an abnormal response of the
circulatory system.
muscular system.
immune system.
neurotransmitter system.
excretory system.
Immune system
Neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands are
effectors.
receptors.
oligodendrocytes.
neurotransmitters.
none of the above.
None of the above
Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has
neurotransmitters.
receptors for endogenous opiates.
myelin.
endogenous opiates.
chlorophyll.
Receptors for endogenous opiates
Which of the following neuroglia is not part of the CNS?
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Interneurons
Microglia
Satellite cells
Satellite cells
The types of neurons that are organized into neuronal pools are
interneurons.
intraneurons.
mixed neurons.
astrocytes.
Schwann cells.
Interneurons
Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are
bipolar.
unipolar
multipolar.
nonpolar.
isopolar.
Multipolar
The space between neurons is a
dendrite.
gap junction.
bleb.
neurotransmitter.
synapse.
Synapse
Saltatory conduction
occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous.
occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking.
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber.
is slower than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber.
occurs only if a person is near an ocean.
Is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber
Axon branches are called collaterals.
True
False
True
If a neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes a cell membrane and an action potential is less likely, the change is called ______ ______ ______.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
_________ support the axon from within.
Dendrites.
Nodes of Ranvier.
Neurofibrils.
Collaterals.
Myofilamen
Neurofibrils
Each neuron in the CNS receives input from
only one synaptic knob.
one synaptic knob at each end.
synaptic knobs only when a person is awake.
about 10 dendrites.
thousands of axons.
Thousands of axons
Three general functions of the nervous system are
sensory, motor, and predictive.
integrative, motor, and sensory.
predictive, manipulative, and integrative.
reflexive, sensory, and predictive.
seeing, feeling, and touching.
Integrative, motor, and sensory
If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is
depolarizing.
hyperpolarizing.
repolarizing.
summating.
hyperexcitable.
Hyperpolarizing
Migraine results from
release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to a spreading wave of excitation followed by lack of response from the cortex.
not eating enough chocolate, which causes a spreading effect in the cortex.
a neurotransmitter deficiency.
release of an abnormal form of beta endorphin from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to cortical stimulation.
inappropriate release of endorphins.
Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to a spreading wave of excitation followed by lack of response from the cortex
What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential?
1. The membrane depolarizes.
2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.
3. The membrane repolarizes.
4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.
3, 2, 4, 1
2, 1, 4, 3
1, 2, 4, 3
4, 1, 3, 2
1, 2, 3, 4
2, 1, 4, 3
A drug that functions as an agonist
activates a receptor, helping a neurotransmitter bind or triggering an action potential in some other way.
causes great pain if taken in too high a dose.
blocks a receptor so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind.
relieves pain.
adds receptors to cells.
Activates a receptor, helping a neurotransmitter bind or triggering an action potential in some other way
A(n) ______ is the junction between neurons.
Synapse
Myelin is composed largely of carbohydrates.
True
False
False
An immune response that triggers inflammation of the spinal cord and brain, leaving scars is
muscular dystrophy.
multiple sclerosis.
Alzheimer disease.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
chronic fatigue syndrome.
Multiple sclerosis
Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by ______________.
endocytosis.
exocytosis.
transcytosis.
active transport.
diffusion.
Exocytosis
Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear
white.
gray.
brown.
transparent.
wet.
White
Transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves a
nerve impulse stimulating presynaptic dendrites to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.
nerve impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.
neurotransmitter traveling from presynaptic dendrites across a synapse to postsynaptic axons or a cell body.
neurotransmitter traveling from postsynaptic axons across a synapse to presynaptic dendrites or a cell body.
none of the above.
Nerve impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft
Drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase
allow increased activity of norepinephrine.
decompose norepinephrine.
decrease the activity of serotonin.
decompose serotonin.
are associated with heart disease.
Allow increased activity of norepinephrine
Myelin is rich in ___________.
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
salts
bacteria
Lipids
The most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are
thick and myelinated.
thick and unmyelinated.
thin and myelinated.
thin and unmyelinated.
of medium thickness with spots of myelin.
Thick and myelinated
Converging nerve fibers amplify nerve impulses.
True
False
False
Which of the following is unique to neurons?
Golgi apparatus
Chromatophilic substance
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Chromatophilic substance
Neurotransmitters that affect a neuron’s response to other neurotransmitters are called _______.
Neuromodulators
Basal ganglia are located in the ______ and ______.
brainstem; relay motor impulses from the cerebral cortex
frontal lobe; aid in control of motor activities
deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities
cerebral hemispheres; aid in coordination of equilibrium motor activities
superficial layers of the cerebrum; control the senses
Deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities
The basal nuclei include the
putamen.
pons.
midbrain.
corpus callosum.
all of the above.
Putamen
Dopamine is secreted by the ___________ and is deficient in ______ disease.
cerebral cortex; Alzheimer
amygdala; Lou Gehrig’s
medulla; Huntington
substantia nigra; Parkinson
brainstem; heart
Substantia nigra; Parkinson
If fibers in the ascending tract of the cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury.
True
False
False
Which of the following terms and definitions is correct?
cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum
hemisphere dominance-the largest cerebral hemisphere with the thickest cerebral cortex
limbic system-interconnected brain structures that activate skeletal muscle
cauda equina-a network of anterior branches of spinal nerves
cerebral cortex-a thick layer of white matter forming the outer layer of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum
The consequence of sensory nerve fibers crossing over is that the
brain cannot tell from which side of the body a sensory impulse originated.
right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa.
left hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa.
impulses never reach the appropriate lobe of the brain to be interpreted.
none of the above.
Right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa
The primary motor areas of the brain are in the
postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
posterior sulcus of the temporal lobe.
lateral part of the occipital lobe.
superior part of the parietal lobe.
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
The part of the brain that degenerates in Parkinson disease is
the meninges.
the neurons that reach from the striatum to the basal ganglia.
the substantia nigra in the brainstem.
the corpus callosum.
the cerebrum.
The neurons that reach from the striatum to the basal ganglia
Sympathetic tone is continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which results in partial constriction.
True
False
True
The neurotransmitter ______ combines mainly with alpha receptors.
Norepinephrine
The Babinski reflex is
dorsiflexion of the foot when the knee is tapped, indicating damage to a reflex arc.
an abnormal dorsiflexion of the great toe up, with fanning of the smaller toes, that indicates damage to a reflex arc.
the speed with which a deer turns and runs at the sight of a hunter.
a normal response to stroking the sole of the foot.
plantar flextion of the foot.
An abnormal dorsiflexion of the great toe up, with fanning of the smaller toes, that indicates damage to a reflex arc
The neurotransmitter that is depleted in Parkinson disease is _______.
Dopamine
A traumatic brain injury results from
an open head wound.
mental retardation.
an infection.
poisoning.
mechanical force.
Mechanical force
The ______ plexuses of the spinal nerves are between the neck and the axillae.
Brachial
The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses
from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
up the spinal cord to the thalamus.
down the spinal cord from the thalamus.
that stimulate skeletal muscles.
up the spinal cord to the hippocampus.
Up the spinal cord to the thalamus
When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called
flexor extensor reflex.
ipsilateral reflex.
crossed extensor reflex.
crossed flexor reflex.
mixed extensor reflex.
Crossed extensor reflex
Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause
partial blindness in the right eye only.
total blindness in the left eye only.
partial blindness in both eyes.
total blindness in both eyes.
improved visual acuity in one or both eyes.
Partial blindness in both eyes
If the reticular formation is injured, the person might exhibit signs of
hyperactivity.
increased metabolism.
increased sympathetic system responses.
unconsciousness, or coma.
changed sexual orientation.
Unconsciousness, or coma
If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca’s area is damaged,
memory is lost.
motor control to the right leg is impaired.
eyesight is lost.
motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost.
the abilities to taste and smell are diminished.
Motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost
The ______ root of a spinal nerve consists entirely of motor neuron axons.
Ventral (anterior)
Most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the
cardiac ventricles.
third ventricle.
fourth ventricle.
cerebral aqueduct.
lateral ventricles.
Lateral ventricles
Melinda has Parkinson disease. Her movements are slowing and she has difficulty initiating voluntary muscular actions. The region that is affected in her brain is the
frontal lobe.
parietal lobe.
basal ganglia.
ventricles.
amygdala.
Basal ganglia
Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral peduncles
Red nucleus
Pia mater
Thalamus
Interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage the cerebrum is called a
concussion.
contusion.
cerebrovascular accident.
transient ischemic attack.
myocardial infarction.
Cerebrovascular accident
The function of the cerebral association areas is
to analyze sensory experiences.
memory.
to interpret sensations.
reasoning and judgment.
all of the above.
All of the above
The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.
Sympathetic
Spinal shock is a permanent loss of some of the cord’s functions.
True
False
False
Nerve tracts other than the corticospinal tracts that transmit impulses into the spinal cord are called extrapyramidal tracts.
True
False
True
The brain waves most closely associated with mental activity are
alpha waves.
beta waves.
theta waves.
delta waves.
gamma waves.
Beta waves
The epidural space contains
loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue.
dense connective tissue and cartilage.
no tissue, that is why it is a space.
collagen, elastin, and keratin.
nervous tissue.
Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue
The simplest level of CNS function is the
crossed-extensor reflex.
patellar reflex.
spinal reflex.
polysynaptic reflexes.
cerebral reflex.
Spinal reflex
Aphasia is loss of the ability to
speak.
move the hands.
walk.
think.
cook.
Speak
Aging of the brain begins
before birth.
at birth.
at puberty.
at age 30.
after age 50.
Before birth
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ______ and it __________.
dura mater; maintains a stable ionic concentration in the CNS
choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protects the brain from blows to the skull
arachnoid villi in the dura sinus; provides a pathway to the blood for waste
capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles; moistens the surface of the brain
the spinal cord; protects the CNS.
Choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protects the brain from blows to the skull
An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the
dura mater only.
dura mater and arachnoid mater.
arachnoid mater and pia mater.
pia mater only.
arachnoid mater only.
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
The corticospinal tracts control
sweat glands.
posture.
voluntary muscle movements.
spinal reflexes.
the urge to urinate.
Voluntary muscle movements
The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a
dermatome.
microtome.
sensory body.
nerve body.
sensitized area.
Dermatome
The drug atropine influences the autonomic nervous system by
stimulating the release of norepinephrine.
blocking the action of norepinephrine.
stimulating the release of acetylcholine.
blocking the action of acetylcholine.
depleting the brain of dopamine.
Blocking the action of acetylcholine
Spinal nerve injury may result from
fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries.
too little dopamine in the basal ganglia.
excess acetylcholine in synapses.
a drug overdose.
none of the above.
Fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries
In a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the
dura mater and skull.
dura mater and arachnoid mater.
pia mater and brain.
arachnoid mater and brain.
brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater and arachnoid mater
By age ___, the frontal cortex has lost half its neurons.
90
A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is
associated with the vertebra above.
composed of afferent fibers only.
composed of efferent fibers only.
associated with cranial nerve C1.
none of the above.
Associated with the vertebra above
If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed,
muscles on the left side are paralyzed.
muscles on the right side are paralyzed.
pain impulses from the left side are blocked.
pain impulses from the right side are blocked.
a burning sensation comes from the left side.
Pain impulses from the left side are blocked
A newborn has a CT scan of the brain to identify a cause of seizures. The scan showed no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex. She has
lissencephaly.
anencephaly.
spina bifida.
leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.
an eating disorder.
Lissencephaly
The choroid plexuses project into the ventricles.
True
False
True
Over the course of several months, Morris has experienced difficulty speaking coherently, clumsiness, muscle fasciculations, and increasing weakness in his limbs. These symptoms are most consistent with those of
Parkinson disease.
Hodgkin’s disease.
muscular dystrophy.
cancer.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ___ percent.
1
5
10
20
40
10
The phrenic nerves arise from the
solar plexuses.
brachial plexuses.
lumbar plexuses.
sacral plexuses.
cervical plexuses.
Cervical plexuses
Which of the following is not a part of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Pineal gland.
Anterior pituitary gland
The part of the brainstem that includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers is the ______ ______.
Medulla oblongata
A soldier suffers a brain injury, and becomes unable to speak. The damage is likely in
the nucleus accumbens.
the hippocampus.
the brainstem.
the basal nuclei
Broca’s area.
Broca’s area
The meninges consist of
the brain and spinal cord.
the membranes that delineate all of the major brain parts.
the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.
nerve tracts that run up and down the spinal cord.
none of the above.
The pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater
Nerve fibers of the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic
The spinal cord has
31 segments.
a cervical and lumbar enlargement.
a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter.
two deep longitudinal grooves.
all of the above
All of the above
The interconnected, fluid-filled cavities in the brain are called ______.
Ventricles
Reflexes help to control
heart rate.
blood pressure.
digestive activities.
respiratory rate.
all of the above
All of the above
If the left corticospinal tract is severed in the neck near the first cervical vertebra,
muscles in the right arm and leg are paralyzed.
muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed.
pain impulses from the right side are blocked.
pain impulses from the left side are blocked.
none of the above.
Muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed
Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord?
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Rubrospinal
Rubrospinal
The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.
True
False
True
Which of the following parts of the mature brain develops from the forebrain?
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Brainstem
Thalamus
The human body secretes about __________ milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid daily.
10
60
300
500
1,000
500
The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ______.
skin and skeletal muscles; brain to the spinal cord
visceral organs; CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles
heart and intestines; CNS to the cardiac and smooth muscles
skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs
brain and spinal cord; PNS to the CNS
Skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs
Spina bifida is a(n)
abnormality in neural tube development.
open vertebral column.
exposed spinal cord.
birth defect.
all of the above
All of the above
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the
cerebrum.
brainstem.
cerebellum.
corpus callosum.
hippocampus
Cerebellum
The ___________ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
lateral sulcus
central sulcus
longitudinal fissure
transverse fissure
vertical fissure
Transverse fissure
If the general interpretative area of the dominant hemisphere is damaged in a child, the
corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions.
child will fail to learn language.
child will do very poorly in math.
child will have difficulty concentrating.
none of the above.
Corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions
The ______ system of the brain causes feelings about experiences.
Limbic
The part of the brain that is overactive in post traumatic stress disorder is the
amygdala.
brainstem.
infundibulum.
thalamus.
hippocampus.
Amygdala
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of
spinal and cranial nerves.
the brain and spinal cord.
the cerebrum and cerebellum.
nerves in the upper and lower limbs.
none of the above.
The brain and spinal cord
The gray commisure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal.
True
False
True
Autonomic ganglia provide a degree of independence from the CNS by integrating motor impulses before they are relayed to visceral organs.
True
False
True
A lumbar puncture is
an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid.
a blockage in peripheral nerve transmission.
a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under.
a procedure to correct a spinal cord injury.
none of the above.
A test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under
In spastic paralysis
muscle tone increases and the muscles atrophy.
muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy.
muscle tone decreases and the muscles atrophy.
muscle tone decreases and the muscles do not atrophy.
muscle tone increases and the muscle hypertrophy.
Muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy
Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
Frontal
The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain that filters incoming sensory impulses is the
dentate nucleus.
reticular formation.
limbic system.
corpora quadrigemina.
brainstem.
Reticular formation
Which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers?
parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
sympathetic preganglionic fibers
none of the above.
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the
cerebral cortex
amygdala
medulla
substantia nigra
pons
Amygdala
Spinal nerves are grouped and named according to function.
True
False
False
Brain damage to the temporal lobe, where recent memory is processed, can impair long-term memory.
True
False
True
Stephanie is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checks her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and the smaller toes fan apart. This reflex
may indicate aging of the corticospinal tract.
may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract.
is normal in adults.
is meaningless in assessing an emergency situation.
all of the above.
May indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract
The subarachnoid space within the meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid.
True
False
True
Brain waves during sleep are ____ waves.
alpha
beta
theta
delta
gamma
Delta
A person in a persistent vegetative state
craves vegetables.
cannot move, but is aware of self.
can move, but seems unaware of self.
repeats the same phrases over and over.
is dead.
Can move, but seems unaware of self
All reflexes have
association neurons.
a reflex arc.
interneurons.
multiple synapses.
a reflex cycle.
A reflex arc
The ________ are membranes between the CNS and its bony coverings.
Meninges
The brain has about one hundred million neurons.
True
False
False
The epineurium is composed of nervous tissue.
True
False
False
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
Regulation of body temperature
Control of hunger
Production of hormones
Control of postural reflexes
Control of thirst
Control of postural reflexes
The fourth ventricle is in the
heart.
brainstem.
midline of the brain, beneath the corpus callosum.
kidney.
subventricular zone.
Brainstem
The outermost layer of the meninges is the ______ ______
Dura mater
The arbor vitae is in the cerebrum.
True
False
False
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector
Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
None of the above.
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
Cerebrospinal fluid
informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the internal environment.
provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood.
protects the brain
protects the spinal cord.
all of the above.
All of the above
Brain waves are recordings of activity in the
medulla.
cerebellum.
basal ganglia.
brainstem.
cerebral cortex.
Cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid is
clear and watery.
white and thick.
red.
yellow in the CNS and clear in the PNS.
clear in the CNS and yellow in the PNS.
Clear and watery
The expected response to the triceps-jerk reflex is
flexion of the forearm.
extension of the forearm.
plantar flexion.
plantar extension.
none of the above.
Extension of the forearm
Gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly composed of
interneurons.
cerebrospinal fluid.
axons.
myelin.
dead cells.
Interneurons
